Regulating markets for antiquities, to more effectively compete with black markets (Kremer and Wilkening in JEP)

 Bans on illegally recovering, selling, and exporting archeological antiquities often result in black markets.  Michael Kremer and Tom Wilkening explore how markets might be regulated to be more effective.

Kremer, Michael, and Tom Wilkening. 2025. "Protecting Antiquities: A Role for Long-Term Leases?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 39 (3): 127–48. 

Abstract: In order to preserve cultural patrimony for future generations, most countries ban exports of antiquities. However, this may drive trade underground, particularly in low-income and low-state capacity contexts, and cause irreversible damage to cultural heritage. We argue that complementing export bans with fixed-duration, long-term leases can strengthen incentives for maintenance and revelation of antiquities, while preserving cultural patrimony. Allowing only leases rather than sales limits potential losses from corrupt deals between foreign collectors and government officials. Standardized contracts with set lease lengths, insurance requirements, and care requirements may also be necessary to limit corruption and establish a well-functioning market.