Foster care in the U.S.

 In the U.S., foster care isn't regarded as a profession (it's repugnant to pay foster parents, so they just get a stipend for childcare expenses). So we don't have a high quality foster care system.  But we're learning more about it from careful studies, and there's some interstate variation that might yield further evidence about best practices.  Here's a recent survey.

Economics of Foster Care by Anthony Bald, Joseph J. Doyle Jr., Max Gross & Brian Jacob NBER WORKING PAPER 29906 DOI 10.3386/w29906, April 2022

Abstract: Foster care provides substitute living arrangements to protect maltreated children. The practice is remarkably common: it is estimated that 5 percent of children in the United States are placed in foster care at some point during childhood. These children exhibit poor outcomes as children and adults, and economists have begun to estimate the causal relationship between foster care and life outcomes. This paper describes tradeoffs in child welfare policy and provides background on the latest trends in foster care practice to highlight areas most in need of rigorous evidence. These trends include efforts to prevent foster care on the demand side and to improve foster home recruitment on the supply side. With increasing data availability and a growing interest in evidence-based practices, there are opportunities for economic research to inform policies that protect vulnerable children.