Monday, December 16, 2024

Redesigning the Economics major(s) at Stanford

 At many universities, the undergraduate major in Economics serves several distinct groups of students.  There are students who might want to go on to graduate work in economics, students seeking jobs in business or government or NGOs that require analytical skills, students who would have chosen a Business major if one were available, and students who want to be capable of understanding articles in the WSJ and being thoughtful about public policy.  In general, departments have adopted the view that an education in econ is good for all these groups, from future economists to future educated citizens.

But not all of those groups are equally well served by the same set of required courses.  So Stanford is now offering two different undergrad degrees in Economics.

 Stanford Report has the story

"Economics major expanded to better suit different career paths.
In addition to a Bachelor of Arts degree, the Department of Economics now offers a Bachelor of Science and certificates in several subfields."

 "The Department of Economics in the School of Humanities and Sciences has begun offering students the option of pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree, and the Bachelor of Arts program has been modified. Also, majors can now fine-tune their interests by pursuing certificates in business economics, environmental economics, data science, and finance.  

"One of the most popular majors at Stanford, economics serves a range of students, from those seeking social science insights into decision-making to those seeking specialized quantitative – or “quant” – skills for numbers-heavy careers in finance.

...

“We don’t need them to get through MATH 51 unless they are going in the direction of the more ‘quant’ jobs – in which case we actually want them to have more math,” said Bernheim, who is also director of undergraduate studies in the department. “We decided we could serve both groups better by changing the prerequisite for the BA degree.” 

"Consequently, the new BS pathway’s core requirements, which are more quantitative than the BA’s, include MATH 115: Functions of a Real Variable; STATS 117: Theory of Probability; CS 106B: Programming Abstractions; and math-intensive economics courses on topics such as econometrics and game theory.

...

"Students on either degree path also can now obtain certificates in four areas: business economics, data science, environmental economics, and finance. The certificates allow students to narrow their focus within the major and signal to prospective employers that they’ve learned specific skill sets."

Sunday, December 15, 2024

MAID in Canada,

 Medical Aid in Dying (MAID) in Canada is regulated more liberally than in many places, since it doesn't require the recipients to be terminally ill, but can be accessed by people whose diseases are incurable and intolerable.  Nevertheless, most patients who access it are terminally ill.

The Guardian has the story:

Canada’s rate of medically assisted deaths rises to record high. Roughly 96% of deaths by euthanasia in 2023 were for those with a terminal condition, as growth in overall cases slows 

"A growing share of deaths in Canada are from euthanasia, but the vast majority are for terminal illnesses, according to new government figures.

"More than 15,000 people received medical assistance in dying in Canada in 2023, the highest figure on record. But federal statistics show the growth in cases has slowed significantly, with assisted death making up 4.7% of deaths, compared to 4.1% the previous year.

"In both 2023 and 2022, roughly 96% of cases were those with a terminal condition, with cancer cited as the most common reason for accessing assisted death. The median age of someone requesting euthanasia is 78.

"Canada is among a few countries that have introduced assisted dying laws in recent years, alongside Austria, Australia and Spain. The United Kingdom recently passed legislation on the issue."

###########

Fifth Annual Report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada, 2023
 

Saturday, December 14, 2024

The supply chain of home made guns

 The NYT has the story:

When a Glock Isn’t a Glock: The History of the Pistol Found With Luigi Mangione
Part of the gun that the police believe was used to kill the C.E.O. of UnitedHealthcare was made by a 3D printer using a popular design found online. By Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Aric Toler

"Homemade firearms have existed for centuries, and fully 3D-printed firearms have been around since 2013, made and used largely by hobbyists in the United States. Laws governing homemade 3D-printed firearms vary by state. At the federal level, the Biden administration has proposed regulating components used in homemade guns as firearms. More than 25,000 privately made firearms were recovered in “domestic seizures” in 2022, according to the Department of Justice.

...

"In general, 3D-printed firearms fall largely into three categories. There are fully 3D-printed guns, like the Liberator pistol, an early design released in 2013 that was quickly attacked by the State Department for export violations; these are made of plastic and use few metal parts. The second category, known as hybrid designs, are made of 3D-printed components as well as off-the-shelf parts that are not otherwise related to firearms. The third category — which includes the Chairmanwon Remix — are commonly called kit guns.

"For kit guns, “you’re printing the frame of a Glock or the lower receiver of an AR-15, and everything else is, you know, normally commercially available firearms components,” Charimanwon said.

"The pistol recovered from Mr. Mangione was not made up entirely of 3D-printed parts; it had metal components as well. Those include the slide — the top portion of the gun — and the barrel, which appeared in the photos to be threaded, allowing a suppressor or silencer to be attached. The pistol’s magazine, which can often carry more than 10 cartridges and retails for around $25, appeared to have been store-bought.

...

“Three-D-printed weapons can be fabricated and assembled by individuals with little or no technical expertise,” said Matt Schroeder, a senior researcher for the Small Arms Survey. “Three-D-printed weapons have not yet supplanted factory-built weapons in criminal circles, but if and when they do, we will have to completely rethink our approach to small arms control.”



Friday, December 13, 2024

Journal of Comments and Replications in Economics invites papers from Ph.D. students

I recently received this email, inviting papers from PhD students:

"I am writing you as Editor of the Journal of Comments and Replications in Economics (JCRE). JCRE is an online journal published by the German National Library of Economics (ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics). It is an open access journal with no article processing charges. Our Advisory Board includes David Autor, Anna Dreber, Richard Easterlin, Edward Leamer, David Roodman, and Jeffrey Wooldridge.

We are recruiting replication submissions from PhD students at top universities. With the end of the semester upon us, I am asking if you might be aware of any students who have done replications, either in your course or in the courses of your colleagues. If so, the Christmas break could be a great time to encourage them to prepare their replication research for submission to a journal.

We believe JCRE could be an attractive outlet for graduate students’ replication research. Our quick turnaround time and online publishing model provides an opportunity to achieve a peer-reviewed journal publication quickly. Perhaps in time for next year’s job market.

The philosophy of JCRE is that replications are essential to assess the reliability of economics research. While some top journals publish replications, it is still difficult for most replications to get published in a peer-reviewed journal. JCRE provides a home for these studies.

We are asking your help to circulate this opportunity to any students or colleagues who might be interested. The attached flyer may be helpful in this regard

Thank you for your help. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact the journal at jcre@zbw-online.eu."

Thursday, December 12, 2024

The market for (ethical) pornography

 Will regulation, lawsuits and competition for creators increase the supply of ethical porn?

Wired has the story:

The Sticky Dilemmas of Pornhub’s Next Chapter
Videos of minors. Illegal data collection. Lack of oversight. Lawsuits. Problems have dogged the popular porn site for years. Is its promise of transparency enough for a reset? By Jason Parham

"Kekesi empathized with the performers. It’s part of her job. As vice president of brand and community at Pornhub, the monstrously popular adult entertainment site, she puts in plenty of face time with creators, as well as fans of the platform, the press, and critics. 

...

"She was thrust into the role in 2023, following a particularly turbulent period for the company. On some level, Pornhub has always been controversial—it comes with the territory—but the problems of the platform in recent years represented an existential threat.

"Rumblings began in 2019, when the owners of the GirlsDoPorn and GirlsDoToys websites were charged in a sex trafficking conspiracy for deceiving and forcing women to perform in adult films, which they then uploaded online, including to platforms like Pornhub. In March 2020, Senator Ben Sasse of Nebraska urged the US Department of Justice to open an investigation into Pornhub, citing incidents from “the past year,” including the GirlsDoPorn case. A New York Times column by Nicholas Kristoff that December brought even more attention to accusations that Pornhub hosted videos depicting sexual abuse, including of children. At first Pornhub denied any wrongdoing, but reaction swiftly snowballed.

"In Canada, where Pornhub is based, a parliamentary committee launched an investigation into the allegations. Visa and Mastercard suspended payment processing. Dozens of women sued Pornhub’s parent company, then called MindGeek and since renamed Aylo Holdings, alleging it had created and profited from a “bustling marketplace for child pornography, rape videos, trafficked videos, and every other form of nonconsensual content.”

...

"Pornhub has taken steps to address at least some of these problems. Following the Times article, it scrubbed the site of all “unverified content,” Kekesi said. Now anyone who wants to upload content to Pornhub has to not only verify their own identity; they also must supply proof of consent for everyone who appears in the scene, including documentation, IDs, and other paperwork. Pornhub also started issuing annual “transparency reports,” which it now does twice a year, publishing its content moderation practices. 

...

"Already, 12 US states have instituted age-verification laws around porn consumption. Because PornHub doesn’t want to open itself to litigation under these new laws, it went on the offensive, blocking all access to its site in those states regardless of age.

...

"In general, though, porn is more accessible than ever. Platforms like OnlyFans customize desire for a small fee. The riskier side of the social media site X operates in the vein of the former Backpage.com, where creators use the app to promote their work, engage with fans, and find gigs. That has also meant more competition for Pornhub. Kekesi never says it outright, but this is likely why the company has made a noticeable effort to appease the concerns of adult creators. “We are catching up and trying to be more visible and more present with the creator community,” she said."

Wednesday, December 11, 2024

Nash, music and OnlyFans (not John Nash, but maybe other johns:)

 Most musicians can't make much of a living from either recordings or live performances.  But there are other kinds of performances.

Kate Nash is flashing her arse to save the music industry
‘Major labels make billions while musicians are getting poorer,’ she tells Grazia.
   by Georgia Aspinall 

"When Kate Nash announced she had started an OnlyFans to help fund her music tour, she all but broke the internet. ‘Don’t be sad,’ she wrote on Instagram. ‘It’s very empowering and selling pics of my arse is fun and funny, sex is fun and funny.’

"The response was unsurprisingly divisive. While industry friends like Self-Esteem and Alison Brie praised Nash’s decision, others questioned how ‘empowering’ it is. And while much of the resulting debate was thoughtful and inquisitive, some was undoubtedly steeped in sexism.

"Shame around sex work was prevalent, as though Nash choosing to start an OnlyFans is any different to her having a second job down the pub or in her local supermarket. When you look at it that way the question goes from ‘why OnlyFans?’ to ‘Why at all?’. The fact someone at Nash’s level of success even needs a side hustle is surely concerning. There is, Nash explains, something fundamentally broken in the music industry that artists are routinely forced to fund their careers in other ways.

...

"She refuses to diminish the quality of her show by lowering the budget any further – not when she could just, as she puts it, flash her arse online instead. ‘I need extra income to take the stress out of [touring],’ she says. ‘And to pay my band and crew fairly, to put on high quality shows for my fans. I like flashing my arse and I know a few people that run their own adult film companies or work on OnlyFans, and I thought it was a fun way to start the tour “Butts 4 tour buses”’

"She was surprised by the attention she received with her announcement, not least because many musicians have OnlyFans now. Earlier this year, Lily Allen claimed that she’s earned more selling feet pictures on OnlyFans than she ever has from Spotify streams. Rapper Cardi B reportedly made more than £45million during her short stint on the site and Iggy Azalea is said to make more than £13million a month.

"For Nash, it’s about more than just money – she wants to make a statement about the state of the music industry. ‘The music industry is corrupt, broken and has failed artists completely,’ she explains. ‘The level of success that is required to make profit has become so inaccessible for most people. The major labels have set it up so that themselves and a bunch of tech bros can profit in the millions and even billions and musicians are getting poorer."

Tuesday, December 10, 2024

Market Studies

 Market Studies is an economics-adjacent interdisciplinary look at markets from the points of view of sociology, marketing, organizational studies and related fields.  Here's a big new book  which I've barely begun to skim. A good place for market designers to look first might be Chapter 2 - Market Engineering: A New Problem for Market Studies?

Market Studies: Mapping, Theorizing and Impacting Market Action  Edited by Susi Geiger, University College Dublin, Katy Mason, Lancaster University, Neil Pollock, University of Edinburgh, Philip Roscoe, University of St Andrews, Scotland, Annmarie Ryan, University of Limerick, Stefan Schwarzkopf, Copenhagen Business School, Pascale Trompette, Université de Grenoble, Cambridge University Press, November 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009413961