Surrogacy laws in Europe (mostly banned) and some countries where it is allowed

EuroNews has the story (and a map):

Where in Europe is surrogacy legal?

Families Through Surrogacy provides some information about countries around the world that allow surrogacy

The table below lists issues related to surrogacy in various countries which allow it.

COUNTRY	LIMITATIONS	EGG DONORS
AUSTRALIA	Altruistic surrogacy only available. No donor or surrogate matching available. Advertising for surrogates not legal. All donors must be identified Ethics committee approval often required. Foreigners cannot access surrogacy in Australia	User groups such as www.eggdonationaustralia.com.au can provide
CANADA	Altruistic surrogacy only available. Foreigners can access surrogacy	via seperate Egg donor providers
GREECE	Heterosexual couples and single females eligible. Foreign nationals allowed to engage. Surrogate cannot be compensated beyond out-of-pocket expenses	Donors, if required, must be anonymous. Eggs/embryos/sperm are able to be shipped directly from your registered clinic.
GEORGIA	Compensated surrogacy available  to heterosexual couples, including foreigners. Legal protections in place
INDIA	Only available for Indian residents	In-country donors are anonymous however donor photos may be available other details provided: age, height, weight, previous donation history, children, blood group, education level/ occupation
ISRAEL	Altruistic surrogacy available only to heterosexual Israeli residents
KENYA	Compensated surrogacy available to locals and foreigners. No legal protection
LAOS	Compensated Surrogacy available  to foreigners. Gestation & birth occurs in Thailand. No legal protection
MEXICO	Tabasco state closed to surrogacy. Other states have no legal protections. Embryo transfer occurs in Cancun or Mexico City often	Caucasian and Latin Sperm and Egg Donors available. Possible to bring your own surrogate and /or known donor. No waiting list
NIGERIA	Altruistic and commercial surrogacy available to Nigerian heterosexual residents	Egg donors available
SOUTH AFRICA	Altruistic surrogacy available to heterosexual South African residents
THAILAND	Only available altruistically to Thai residents
UK	Altruistic surrogacy only available. Advertising for surrogates not legal foreigners cannot access surrogacy in UK
UKRAINE	Only heterosexual married couples	Caucasian, offer photos with family history, occupation/ area of study, previous donor history and physical details.
USA	Gay and heterosexual foreigners can access surrogacy here see surrogacy laws by US state	Very wide range available from donor agencies or privately

COUNTRY	APPROX COSTS($US)	DONOR & SURROGATE SCREENING	YEARS EXPERIENCE	LEGAL ISSUES
AUSTRALIA	IVF: $25,000 Expenses: $10,000 Legals & counselling: $22,000	Donor screening offered only if through an egg bank	<5 td="" years="">	Transfer of legal parentage available 4-6 months post birth if uncompensated surrogacy used domestically.
GEORGIA	IVF: $8,500 Surrogacy: $26,000 + Local egg donor add $5,000 +	according to age, genetics and lifestyle, mental and physical health	10 years	Intended Parents named on birth certificate to meet the criteria of countries such as the UK, single surrogates are available and DNA testing is available
CANADA	$90,000		>15 years	Transfer of parentage. Canadian passport available
KENYA	$50,000		<3 td="" years="">	No legal protection
UK		Surrogacy UK, COTS	>15 years	Transfer of legal parentage available
USA	IVF costs: $25,000 Surrogacy: $68,000 Other costs: $20,000	Varies by agency	30 years	Parents names on the BC as mother and father
UKRAINE	IVF: $8,500 Surrogacy: $26,000 + Local egg donor add $5,000 +	according to age, genetics and lifestyle, mental and physical health	~5 years	Intended Parents named on birth certificate to meet the criteria of countries such as the UK, single surrogates are available and DNA testing is available. No eligibility for Ukraine citizenship
GREECE	IVF: $20,100 Surrogacy: $44,000 Legals: $10,000+ Local egg donor: $1,360		10+ years	Recently opened up to foreigners Parents names on the BC as mother and father. Court case prior to IVF ensures transfer of parentage occurs before embryo transfer
MEXICO	$80,000 (incl US egg donor)	unknown	<1 td="" year="">

Surrogacy in Spain

El Pais has the story:

Spanish couples undergoing surrogacy processes left in legal limbo in Ukraine
A total of 30 families are unable to secure passports for their children, after the Foreign Affairs Ministry says it has detected reports of malpractice and possible trafficking

"The Spanish Consulate in Kiev is examining the cases of 30 Spanish families currently in Ukraine and who are unable to obtain a Spanish passport for their babies after entering into what is an illegal practice back home: paying a surrogate to carry their child.
...
"The statement also warns against “entering into any surrogate pregnancy process within this context.”

"The Consulate was echoing a post on the Spanish Embassy’s website, which alerted Spanish nationals to the scams and shoddy practices of certain assisted-reproduction clinics in Ukraine, involving irregularities in the pregnancy process, induced abortions six weeks into the pregnancy so couples are forced to embark on another costly IVF treatment, and a general lack of medical attention during pregnancy.

Until July, babies born to surrogates in Ukraine were registered without fuss at the Spanish Consulate in Kiev.

... 

"While registration has not yet been point-blank refused to any of the couples, a Foreign Office spokesman said shortly before the statement was issued that they were working with the local authorities to study alternatives in the case of such an event.

Given such a scenario, one possible solution would involve applying for a Ukrainian passport for the baby, thereby allowing he or she to leave Ukraine. And, once in Spain, the parentage could be established through the courts. This is the route being suggested by some of the lawyers representing the couples in question. It was also suggested by a staff member at the Consulate to a couple who are expecting their surrogate to give birth in the next few days.

Previously, the genetic Spanish father and the Ukrainian mother would be registered as the baby’s parents. “Once in Spain, the wife would then adopt her husband’s child with the prior consent of the surrogate mother,” says Franco Antonio Zenna, a lawyer who specializes in surrogacy issues and who is representing some of the couples. “It is as though a child has been born from a husband’s affair. At least that is how it has worked for the last seven or eight years at least.”
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HT: Kim Krawiec

Market design in Lund, September 2018

Arne Ryde Conference on

Frontiers of Market Design

22-23 September 2018

Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Keynote speakers:

Estelle Cantillon, European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics

Michael Ostrovsky, Stanford Graduate School of Business

Scott Kominers, Harvard Business School

Utku Unver, Boston College

Here's the full program.

Masataka Mori, Sensei (1938-2018)

OBITUARY OF MASATAKA MORI

Masataka Mori of Closter, age 85, born in Fukuoka, Japan, he attended Takushoku University and became captain of the Karate team. He came to the United States in 1963 as a karate instructor for the Japan Karate Association of Hawaii.   In 1968, he and his family moved to New York City, where he became the Chief Instructor of the JKA of New York and the Chief Instructor of JKA-Shotokan Karate-do International and attained the 9th Dan. In addition to teaching at his dojo, he had taught for years at New York colleges, including SUNY at Stony Brook, Columbia University, and CUNY, as well as a local schools, the Japanese Children’s Society. He often travelled abroad, acting as tournament arbitrator or judge, or teaching at various seminars.  This year marks his 50th year of teaching in New York City. He was an avid golf enthusiast and often participated in locally hosted Japanese American events.  Masataka Mori passed peacefully at his home in Closter, where he lived and gardened for forty years, surrounded by his devoted family. He is survived by Keiko, his wife of 61 years, his daughters Mayumi and Sayuri, their spouses Stephen and Alex, his four grandchildren, Allison, Kimiko, Andrew, Natalie, and Alexa and Kaitlin.

***************

The Talmud advises us to "Provide for yourself a teacher and get yourself a friend..." Mori Sensei was a great teacher and an inspiring friend. I met him when I matriculated at Columbia in 1968, and his teaching and friendship were among the most memorable and important parts of my years there.

I last saw Sensei Mori in 2013, and my wife Emilie finally got a chance to meet him, after often hearing about him:

Sunday, June 9, 2013

Honorary 7th dan black belt in JKA Shotokan karate, presented by Sensei Masataka Mori

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Here's a video of a recent basics class (which even advanced students take with some regularity, to go over the very basic movements that are taught to beginners), which reminded me of learning the unfamiliar commands in 1968, and sometimes not being completely sure which were in Japanese and which in English...

A school choice mechanism from Taiwan, by Dur, Pathak, Song and Sönmez

Deduction Dilemmas: The Taiwan Assignment Mechanism

Umut M. Dur, Parag A. Pathak, Fei Song, Tayfun Sönmez

NBER Working Paper No. 25024
Issued in September 2018
NBER Program(s):Economics of Education, Labor Studies 

This paper analyzes the properties of the Taiwan mechanism, used for high school placement nationwide starting in 2014. In the Taiwan mechanism, points are deducted from an applicant's score with larger penalties for lower ranked choices. Deduction makes the mechanism a new hybrid between the well-known Boston and deferred acceptance mechanisms. Our analysis sheds light on why Taiwan's new mechanism has led to massive nationwide demonstrations and why it nonetheless still remains in use.

 "Loosely  speaking,  in  Taiwan’s deduction system, a students priority is reduced based on the order in which preferences are ranked.  Table 1 lists the schedule of points employed in 2014 across the largest districts in Taiwan.  For instance, in Jibei, the largest district with over 60,000 applicants, a student’s score at her second choice is reduced by 1, the score at her third choice is reduced by 2, and so on.  In Yunlin district, no points are deducted for the first four choices, and 2 points are 3 deducted from choices five through eight. The deduction system has now been in place for the last five years, from 2014-2018."

This system of deductions is used to determine each student's priority at each school, and allocations are then determined, by a deferred acceptance algorithm, based on student preferences and these school priorities.

Kidney exchange scheduled to begin in Hong Kong

The South China Morning Post has the story:

New kidney donation scheme starts in October after change in Hong Kong law allows strangers to donate organs to patients
This is aimed at speeding up the long waiting time for a suitable organ and surgeries will be done at four of the city’s 43 public hospitals

"The paired organ donation arrangement, made legal after Hong Kong passed an amendment to its Human Organ Transplant Ordinance last month, allows a donor-patient pair who may not be a match for each other to donate organs to another donor-patient pair and vice versa, so that patients on both sides get the transplants they need.
...
"There is a huge supply-demand gap for kidney transplants in the city. As of June 30 this year, there were 2,214 patients on the transplant list in Hong Kong but each year there are only about 80 living or deceased donors. Two years ago the average waiting time for a kidney was over four years.
...
"Before the change in the law, strangers could not make live donations to transplant patients. Couples had to be married for more than three years and friends needed to obtain approval from the Department of Health’s Human Organ Transplant Board for live donations.

"Professor Philip Li, the chairman of the authority’s Central Renal Committee said in the UK and the Netherlands, the paired kidney donation programme was very mature and they were now having a very large number of successful matchings.

 “In Hong Kong, we are just starting, it will be quite a while before we actually see a significant effect,” Li said."

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce honors ideas

Country songwriters Lee Thomas Miller and Wendell Mobley share some of their ideas and IP at the Ideas in Bloom party sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce

Last Wednesday I flew to Washington DC to join a Chamber of Commerce celebration of  ideas and intellectual property, in various categories.

The innovation awards are both for lines of work that the National Science Foundation funded, and they were introduced by the NSF director, Dr. France Córdova. (I am happy to go to DC to help showcase the great work that the NSF does...see my remarks at the end of this post.)

Here's a link to the announcement:

The 2018 IP Champions Gala, September 12, 2018

IP Champion for Excellence in Enforcement
Peter O’Doherty, Head, Economic Crime Directorate, City of London Police
Nick Court, Chief Detective, Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit, City of London Police

IP Champion for Excellence in Innovation
Alvin Roth, Founder, Kidney Exchange
Inderjit Jutla, Founder, Aluna

IP Champion for Excellence in Advocacy
Bart Herbison, President, Nashville Songwriters Association
Steve Bogart, Chairman, Nashville Songwriters Association

IP Champion for Excellence in Creativity
Kristie Macosko Krieger, Academy Award-nominated producer
Kira Goldberg, Executive Vice President, Production, 21st Century Fox

IP Champion for Excellence in IP Policy
Professor Liu Chuntian, Renmin University of China

IP Champion for Excellence in Innovation
Uzi Hanuni, CEO, Maxtech Networks

Musical Performance
Lee Thomas Miller, Nashville Mega-hit Songwriter
Wendell Mobley, Nashville Mega-hit Songwriter

**************
And here's a link to a subsequent press release:
U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE GLOBAL INNOVATION POLICY CENTER CELEBRATES IP LEADERS AT 2018 IP CHAMPIONS GALA

"IP Champion for Excellence in Innovation – Alvin Roth
...
"Since the first paired kidney exchange in 2000, thousands of people have received kidney transplants identified through paired exchanges."
**************
I scored a personal max for (travel time)/(speaking time).  Here are my prepared remarks:

"I flew here today to say thank you: to the Chamber of Commerce for recognizing not just my work but also the role that the NSF plays in fostering scientific innovation. 

And thank you to the NSF, and particularly to the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate, which must be one of the most cost-effective investments the government makes.  Social science isn’t very expensive, but it can be incredibly valuable. It can save lives.

On a personal note, all of my work that was cited by the Nobel Prize committee was begun with funding from the NSF. Dan Newlon was the legendary director of the SBE Directorate, and he nurtured a generation of economists who made big changes in how economics is done. In the early 1990’s, when I was discouraged by the progress I was making on understanding matching, he encouraged me to stay the course. So for me, the NSF support was about much more than funding.

So:Thank you all for coming here tonight, thank you Dr. Córdova, thank you to the NSF for all your support, starting when I was very young, and thank you to the Chamber of Commerce."
*******************

Here's a video link (that seems to start only after the first minute or so, and the NSF section begins with Dr. Córdova at minute 1:33 and goes to 1:45...) 

Envy free (not quite stable) matchings

It's hard for decentralized markets to achieve stable matchings (i.e. matchings with no blocking pairs) in the way that centralized clearinghouses can (and this is why we see some markets organized by clearinghouses).  So it's worthwhile looking at larger sets of outcomes, and in this paper we look at matchings such that any blocking pairs must involve an unfilled position--i.e. they are envy free in the sense that there are no blocking pairs in which some worker can take the job presently held by another worker.

Wu, Qingyun and Alvin E. Roth, “The Lattice of Envy-free Matchings,” Games and Economic Behavior, May 2018, 109, 201-211

The lattice of envy-free matchings

Author links open overlay panelQingyunWu1  Alvin E.Rothb

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2017.12.016Get rights and content

Highlights

•

Envy-free matchings are matchings that can only be unstable with respect to a blocking pair of a worker with a firm that has some unfilled positions.

•

These envy-free but unstable matchings may arise in the course of filling “vacancy chains” following a worker's retirement.

•

The set of envy free matchings is a lattice under the partial ordering of the common preferences of the workers.

Abstract

In a many-to-one matching model, we show that the set of envy-free matchings is a lattice. A Tarski operator on this lattice, which can be interpreted as modeling vacancy chains, has the set of stable matchings as its fixed points.

*************
Here's an ungated version of the paper.

Economists and economics in tech companies, by Athey and Luca

Susan Athey and Mike Luca have a new paper about the job market for economists in tech companies, and about the jobs they do there:

Economists (and Economics) in Tech Companies

Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper No. 19-027

Abstract: As technology platforms have created new markets and new ways of acquiring information, economists have come to play an increasingly central role in tech companies – tackling problems such as platform design, strategy, pricing, and policy. Over the past five years, hundreds of PhD economists have accepted positions in the technology sector. In this paper, we explore the skills that PhD economists apply in tech companies, the companies that hire them, the types of problems that economists are currently working on, and the areas of academic research that have emerged in relation to these problems.

The National Science Foundation's History Wall and Murals

The NSF's history wall consists of three murals, to provide "a visual history of the National Science Foundation (NSF), spanning nearly 7 decades of scientific discovery and innovation and depicting artist Nicolle R. Fuller's interpretation of NSF’s impact on the nation. "  Here they are, although they are in fact arranged horizontally, rather than vertically as below.  The murals have numbered sections (you can get a better look by clicking on each mural at the link above).  On the third mural, number 45 is
45. Breakthroughs in economics inspired new software that streamlines organ matches like kidney exchanges.

Here's a blowup of segment 45 representing kidney exchange:

School choice is expanding in Chile

School choice is expanding in Chile:

Sistema de Admisión Escolar comienza a operar en Tarapacá, Coquimbo, O’Higgins y Los Lagos
Google translate: School Admission System starts operating in Tarapacá, Coquimbo, O'Higgins and Los Lagos

"This Thursday, August 30, the applications for the new Admission System for Schools in the Tarapacá, Coquimbo, O'Higgins and Los Lagos regions begin.

"The new admission mechanism was designed by the Ministry of Education in conjunction with Industrial Engineering academics - Rafael Epstein, José Correa and Juan Escobar - as well as a team made up of master students, professionals, doctoral students abroad and post -docs

"Applied science, not tombola  (AT of GT 'tombola' = lottery)

"Applied successfully in the region of Magallanes since 2016, the new School Admission System is designed with scientific rigor and the assignment of students to schools is the result of the celebrated Deferred Assignment Algorithm 

Kidney exchange and computation

Here's an article on how computation--broadly characterized as artificial intelligence--has changed kidney transplantation. It gives some historical background on hard decisions, going back to the first dialysis machines and coming forward to kidney exchange, and has some discussion of  fairness

How AI changed organ donation in the US
By Corinne Purtill

"Today, multiple US hospitals run their own paired kidney donation programs. There are also three larger US exchanges that organize kidney chains across hospitals: the United Network for Organ Sharing, the National Kidney Registry, and the Alliance for Paired Kidney Donation. National exchanges are in place in the UK, Canada, and the Netherlands, and paired donations have taken place in hospitals from India to South Africa.
...
"Given the dearth of public education on what “artificial intelligence” actually means, hospitals and exchanges are wary of patients misconstruing the role algorithms play in identifying potential matches, perhaps fearing conjuring images of robots coldly issuing life-or-death edicts.

Machines currently do not decide which kidneys go where. Humans do that. The algorithms in place today can do the math more reliably and at greater scale than humans can, and implement the judgments humans have already made, but they don’t have a contextual understanding of why they are being asked to perform a calculation in the first place.
...
“In economics we talk about impossibility theorems. There are things you might want that are not possible to get,” Roth says. “When you’re allocating scarce resources, you can’t give a kidney to one person without failing to give it to someone else…. Computers will not lift the burden from humans in every respect.”

An illegal market for marijuana that enjoys effective local support in Copenhagen

The NY Times reports on the current state of affairs in "Christiania Freetown, the hippie commune in the center of Copenhagen." It's a tourist attraction, and also the home of an active market for marijuana, which is illegal in Denmark, but supported by the Christiania residents...

In Anarchic Corner of Copenhagen, Police and Dealers Play Cat and Mouse

"Christiania’s full-time residents, who number around 900, have their own system of self-regulation, including a strict ban on violence and hard drugs like heroin. The result is an uneasy equilibrium between drug dealers; residents of the commune, who have the power to expel the drug dealers; and their common adversary, the police."

College admissions "customer relations management" software, and the marketing of Slate

The Chronicle of Higher Ed has a story about customer-relations management systems (CRMs) used by colleges to organize their marketing and admissions, focusing on one called Slate and how it sells itself to admissions officers:

A Tech Whiz Is Conquering College Admissions. It Takes Charm, Innovation, and Dancing Sharks.

"What is Slate? Technically, it’s a customer-relations management system, or CRM, which many colleges use to track data about prospective students and serve them customized information. Imagine a big virtual file cabinet full of such data, with a built-in brain that tells you how to act on it, responding to students’ interests and behaviors.

"Many admissions offices of all stripes rely on Slate for just about everything they do. Enrolling a freshman class requires relentless grunt work, and the system automates a great deal of it. An admissions officer who’s about to visit a high school can use Slate to send a text message to the cellphones of 20 prospective applicants there all at once.

The first global kidney exchange: temporarily ungated link

Here's a shareable link to the paper below, which I blogged about earlier without having an ungated link. This link is good til October 27. [Update: here's a possibly longer lasting ungated link.}
Along with the medical details of this successful kidney exchange chain, the paper shares some of the arguments we've heard suggesting that Global Kidney Exchange might be objectionable, and our replies, in considerable detail:)

Complete Chain of the First Global Kidney Exchange Transplant and 3-yr Follow-up

Author links open overlay panelDanielle N.BozekabTy B.DunncChristian S.KuhrdChristopher L.MarsheJeffreyRogersfSusan E.ReesbLauraBasagoitiagRobert J.BrunneraAlvin E.RothhObiEkwennaabDavid E.FumoabKimberly D.KrawieciJonathan E.KopkebPuneetSindhwaniaJorgeOrtizaMiguelTanjSiegfredo R.PaloyoklJeffrey D.PunchmMichael A.Reesab

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.021Get rights and content

Abstract

Background

Global Kidney Exchange (GKE) offers an opportunity to expand living renal transplantation internationally to patients without financial means. These international pairs are entered into a US kidney exchange program that provides long-term financial support in an effort to identify opportunities for suitable exchanges for both these international pairs and US citizens.

Objective

While the promise of GKE is significant, it has been met with ethical criticism since its inception in 2015. This paper aims to demonstrate the selection process and provide >3 yr of follow-up on the first GKE donor and recipient from the Philippines.

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About the link, Elsevier writes: 

To help you and the other authors access and share this work, we have created a Share Link – a personalized URL providing 50 days' free access to the article. Anyone clicking on this link before October 27, 2018 will be taken directly to the final version of your article on ScienceDirect, which they are welcome to read or download. No sign up, registration or fees are required.

Your personalized Share Link:
https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1XhNI8Yy0L8qol