Public comment sought on proposed revisions to deceased
donor kidney allocation policy
Richmond, Va. - The OPTN/UNOS Kidney Transplantation
Committee is seeking public comment regarding substantial proposed amendments to
OPTN deceased donor kidney allocation policy. The proposed policy would maintain
access to kidney transplantation for all candidates while seeking to improve
outcomes for kidney transplant recipients, increase the years recipients may
have a functioning transplant and increase utilization of available kidneys.
Matching to increase benefit and
utilizationMore than 93,000 people are currently listed for kidney
transplantation nationwide. About 10 percent of those candidates die each year
while waiting. Because there are not enough kidneys donated to meet the need, it
is important to improve benefit by matching recipients according to the
potential function of the kidney and ensure as many kidneys as possible are
transplanted.
The proposed policy includes new factors not used in the current policy.
Their use is recommended to enhance survival benefit and use of available
kidneys.
Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI)The
proposed policy would replace the existing policy definitions of "standard
criteria" and "expanded criteria" donors with the Kidney Donor Profile Index
(KDPI). KDPI is a clinical formula to classify kidney offers based upon the
length of time they are likely to continue to function once transplanted. This
index is already in use as a resource for transplant professionals to evaluate
kidney offers made under the current policy.
Estimated Post-transplant Survival
(EPTS)The proposed policy would separately employ a clinical formula
to estimate the number of years each specific candidate on the waiting list
would be likely to benefit from a kidney transplant. This score is called the
Estimated Post-transplant Survival formula (EPTS).
For more information about KDPI, EPTS and current policy definitions of
"standard" and "expanded criteria" donors,
read
the frequently asked questions (FAQ) document.
KDPI and EPTS matching
Under the proposed
policy, KDPI and EPTS would be combined so that the 20 percent of kidney offers
with the longest estimated function determined by the KDPI would first be
considered for the 20 percent of candidates estimated by the EPTS to have the
longest time to benefit from a transplant. This policy revision is expected to
create significant benefit in terms of overall "life-years" (time that
recipients retain kidney function after the transplant). This improvement in
utilization of the limited number of donated deceased kidneys may reduce
recipients' future need for repeat transplants, thus allowing more transplants
among candidates awaiting their first opportunity.
For the remaining 80 percent of transplant candidates, the organ offer
process would be much the same as the existing system unless they receive
additional priority based on other considerations addressed below.
Promoting greater utilizationThe 15
percent of kidney offers estimated to have the shortest potential length of
function based on KDPI score would be offered on a wider geographic basis.
Similar to the use of currently defined "expanded criteria donor" kidneys, these
offers may be considered for candidates who would have a better life expectancy
with a timely transplant than they would remaining on dialysis. This feature is
expected to increase utilization of donated kidneys currently available for
transplant. It may also help minimize differences in local transplant waiting
times across different regions of the country.
...
Providing comment/process for further
consideration The full proposal is available on the
OPTN
website. Anyone who has an interest may submit comments or questions on this
or other current proposals
***********
And below is an email from the committee chair, John Friedewald in reply to a query on a list-serve (reproduced here with his permission).
"The current proposal for kidney
allocation from the UNOS kidney committee is what it is not because it was the
first thing we thought of, and “wow, it’s perfect” but rather it is the product
of 8 years of trial and error, consensus building, and compromise. To
state that EOFI takes into account both equity and efficiency would seem to
suggest that the current UNOS proposal does not. How could this be?
We have tried over 50 different methods of allocation and simulated them
(which has not happened yet with EOFI). And with each simulation, we view
the results and how the system affects all sorts of different groups (NOT just
age, but blood type, ethnic groups, sensitized patients, the effects on organ
shipping, the effects on real efficiency in the system (the actual
logistics). And we have seen that some methods of allocation can generate
massive utility (or efficiency in your terminology). We can get thousands
of extra life years out of the current supply of organs. But in each
instance, we have made concessions in the name of equity. The current
proposal does not increase or decrease organs to any age group by more than 5%
(compared to current). This has been our compromise on equity.
What we see in utility/efficiency is an extra 8000+ years lived each year with
the current supply of organs. So the current policy has done a tremendous
amount to balance equity and utility. And we have left thousands of life
years lived on the table in the name of equity. Now you may argue that we
have not done enough in that regard, but rest assured, we have given equity
hundreds of hours of consideration.
"In terms of the possible changes
to living donor kidney transplant rates, we have to understand why there is concern.
The current “Share 35” plan prioritizes kidneys from donors under age 35 to
pediatric candidates. Because there are so few pediatric candidates in
any area, they tend to have very short waiting times compared to adult
candidates (months vs. years). And so, when faced with the decision, a
pediatric candidate can be fairly sure to get a high quality deceased donor
kidney in a relatively short period of time. So why take a kidney away
from a living donor? And so the argument goes. Pediatric candidates
will maintain their priority in the new system. And in fact, may have
even better organs, because Share 35 will now relate to KPDI rather than donor
age alone, a better marker of kidney longevity (some kidneys from donors under
35 aren’t that great, but KPDI tends to look at more factors than just age and
really get to kidney quality). So I would expect that many pediatric
candidates will still take a kidney from a deceased donor rather than a living
donor. The living donor kidneys would still often be predicted to last
them longer, but there is the issue of the risk to the living donor to consider
in that difficult equation.
With adults, it will be quite
different. The new proposal would prioritize kidneys from donors with a
KDPI < 20 (the “longest lasting” 20% of organs) to candidates with the 20%
longest estimated post-transplant survival (EPTS). This is done primarily
to avoid extreme mismatches in donor and recipient longevity. Why
20%? There are several reasons. First, the equations we use to
predict EPTS are not perfect (nor could they ever be). But it turns out,
the EPTS prediction is much better at the tails than it is in the middle.
So we are pretty good at picking out the ones at the far left of the
curve. And 20% was chosen because the EPTS curve changes slope around
that point. And 20% is a round number (we could have chosen 17% or 23%,
but that would even confuse people more – and we have heard over and over, “it
can’t be confusing”. The EPTS calculation was made simpler in response to
public feedback.). So the concern that I have heard is that if you are a
candidate in the top 20% EPTS, then you will get a great kidney right away, and
why would you take a living donor kidney? Just like the kids. But the
important difference here is in the numbers. Given 92,000 patients on the
wait list, there will be about 18,400 candidates in the “top 20%” EPTS
group. Now they will have priority (after multi-organ, after pediatrics,
after zero mismatches, after previous live donors) for those organs, but
remember, we only perform 11,500 or so transplant a year. So the top 20%
would be 2300 organs a year (assuming there are no pediatric, multi-organ
transplants done). So it is likely that candidates in the top 20 might
wait years (longer than candidates in the bottom 80 EPTS would wait for a
kidney in fact) for a top 20% kidney. That is why top 20 EPTS candidates
are eligible for all kidneys, because in practice, many of them will accept an
offer from a donor with KDPI > 20%. And guess what? They have to
wait JUST AS LONG for those as every other candidate. So we are not
really advantaging that top 20% group as much as people might think. But
we are trying to keep those really long lived organs for those who stand to
benefit from them a long time. And by doing that, we can realize all
those extra life years lived. And possibly decrease returns to the
waitlist (which benefits all candidates indirectly). We think that has to
be worth some tradeoffs. We have given careful thought and consideration
to those issues.
"Thanks for listening (reading),
and we really appreciate all the interest in the proposal. I just want to
make sure we are all talking about the same set of facts.
John Friedewald.
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