Wednesday, April 17, 2024

Signaling in medical residency applications

 We're starting to see descriptive studies of how signals are being used in the labor market for new doctors.  Each medical specialty has chosen to adapt the kinds of signals used in Economics in its own way, with some specialties using only a handful of signals and others eliciting as many as 30.

Here are two papers from a recent issue of Academic Medicine.

Impact of Applicants’ Characteristics and Geographic Connections to Residency Programs on Preference Signaling Outcomes in the Match, by Benjamin, William J. MPH; Lenze, Nicholas R. MD, MPH; Bohm, Lauren A. MD; Thorne, Marc C. MD, MPH; Abraham, Reeni MD; Sepdham, Dan MD; Mihalic, Angela P. MD; Kupfer, Robbi A. MD,  Academic Medicine 99(4):p 437-444, April 2024. | DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005551

"Abstract

Purpose : To assess the impact of applicant and residency program characteristics on preference signaling outcomes in the Match during the first 2 years of implementation across 6 specialties.

Method : Data were obtained from the Texas Seeking Transparency in Application to Residency survey for applicants applying into otolaryngology during the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 application cycles and into dermatology, internal medicine (categorical and preliminary year), general surgery, and urology during the 2021–2022 application cycle. The primary outcome was signal yield, defined as the number of interviews at signaled programs divided by the total number of signals sent. Associations with applicant-reported characteristics and geographic connections to residency programs were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum testing, Spearman’s rank correlation testing, and ordinary least squares regression.

Results : 1,749 applicants with preference signaling data were included from internal medicine (n = 884), general surgery (n = 291), otolaryngology (n = 217), dermatology (n = 147), urology (n = 124), and internal medicine preliminary year (n = 86). On average 60.9% (standard deviation 32.3%) of signals resulted in an interview (signal yield). There was a stepwise increase in signal yield with the percentage of signals sent to programs with a geographic connection (57.3% for no signals vs. 68.9% for 5 signals, P < .01). Signal yield was positively associated with applicant characteristics, such as United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1 and 2 scores, honors society membership, and number of publications (P < .01). Applicants reporting a lower class rank quartile were significantly more likely to have a higher percentage of their interviews come from signaled programs (P < .01).

Conclusions: Signal yield is significantly associated with geographic connections to residency programs and applicant competitiveness based on traditional metrics. These findings can inform applicants, programs, and specialties as preference signaling grows."

And here are the introductory paragraphs:

"The rising number of residency applications submitted per applicant has led to concerns that programs will not be able to adequately perform a holistic review of all applications and will instead rely on easily reviewed metrics, such as United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) scores, class rank, and medical school reputation.1,2 In addition, COVID-19–related changes to the residency application process, such as the introduction of virtual interviewing and a cap on the number of away rotations medical students can complete, have limited applicants’ ability to informally express their interest in programs.3 Further, there is evidence that, while applying to the maximum number of programs is advantageous at the individual level, it leads to poorer overall results when all applicants follow this practice.2 To address this issue, new systems have been proposed, including personalized application paragraphs,4 program-specific messages,5 and preference signals.4,6,7

"Otolaryngology implemented a preference signaling system in 2021, which was based on theory developed by the American Economic Association (AEA) in 2006. The AEA used a preference signaling system for job market applicants, whereby applicants were allowed to express special interest in particular employers in their applications.8 Results from the AEA program highlighted that preference signals were beneficial to both candidates and employers in a labor market where employers are unable to provide full attention to every application they receive.9 Building off previous economic work, a computer simulation study run on 2014 otolaryngology Match data found that the number of interview invitations improved when applicants provided preferences on their Electronic Residency Application Service application; this result would have benefitted both programs and applicants.2

"Based on this research, the Otolaryngology Program Directors Association formally implemented a preference signaling system during the 2020–2021 application cycle in which applicants were granted 5 “signals” to send to residency programs prior to interviews indicating their strong interest in that program. Each program then received a list of the applicants who had sent them a signal.6,10,11 Data from the 2021 otolaryngology Match were notable for significantly increased interview rates at signaled programs across all levels of applicant competitiveness.10,12 Furthermore, the majority of program directors and applicants strongly supported the continuation of preference signaling.10,11 During the 2021–2022 application cycle, preference signaling pilot programs were implemented in 5 additional specialties: dermatology, internal medicine (categorical), internal medicine preliminary year, surgery (categorical), and urology, with each specialty using 5 signals per applicant, except dermatology, which used 3 signals"

#########

The Relationship Between Program and Applicant Characteristics With Applicant Program Signals in the 2022 Residency Recruitment Cycle: Findings From 3 Specialties, by LaFemina, Jennifer MD; Rosman, Ilana S. MD; Wallach, Sara L. MD; Wise, Paul E. MD; Smink, Douglas S. MD, MPH; Fletcher, Laura PhD, Academic Medicine 99(4):p 430-436, April 2024. | DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005586

"Abstract

Purpose: Continuing increases in application volume have driven a national dialogue to reform the residency recruitment process. Program signaling allows applicants to express interest in a program at the preinterview stage with the goal of helping programs identify applicants with more genuine interest in their programs. This study explored the relationship between program signals and program and applicant characteristics.

Method: Participating dermatology, general surgery, and categorical internal medicine (IM) programs and applicants of the 2022 supplemental ERAS application (SuppApp) were included. Data from the SuppApp, the MyERAS Application for Residency Applicants (MyERAS), and the 2020 GME Track Survey were used. Cohen’s h was used to determine effect size, and chi-squared was used to determine statistical significance.

Results:There was an uneven distribution of signals to programs, with 25% of programs receiving about half of the signals across all 3 specialties. Programs with larger numbers of both residents and applicants received greater numbers of program signals relative to their program density, although this effect was small (h < 0.50, P < .001). No meaningful differences were seen across genders for any specialty. Only Hispanic applicants in IM sent a higher proportion of signals to programs with more underrepresented in medicine residents than White only applicants (40% vs 26%, h = 0.30, P < .001). Across all specialties, there was a small-to-moderate effect for international medical graduate (IMG) applicants sending a larger proportion of signals to programs with more IMG residents (h < 0.80, P < .001).

Conclusions: This first-year pilot study (i.e., SuppApp) provided initial evidence that supports the feasibility and fairness of program signals in residency selection. As program signals become more common across specialties, future research should continue to evaluate trends in where applicants send signals, and possible relationships between program and application characteristics."


"IMG applicants were more likely to signal programs with a greater proportion of IMG residents. The effect was small in dermatology and increased to moderate in GS and large in IM. In the NRMP’s 2022 Main Residency Match, 11 IMGs (U.S. and non-U.S.) matched into postgraduate year 2 dermatology, representing 2% of positions. This compares to the 10% and 38% IMG Match rate into GS and IM, respectively.21 While at this time, correlation of signal distribution and the likelihood of successfully matching is not available, these findings suggest that in general, IMG applicants sent more signals to programs they knew to be “IMG friendly” (i.e., more likely to accept IMGs), which they could easily identify with tools such as the Residency Explorer Tool22 and the Residency Programs List.23 However, if IMGs continue to send more signals to programs with already higher proportions of IMG residents, this may maintain the status quo or even further restrict the IMG applicant pool all programs are willing to consider during their resident selection process because programs with fewer IMGs will continue to receive a lower proportion of signals from IMG applicants. This could ultimately negatively affect diversity across programs"


Tuesday, April 16, 2024

New York is about to end its legal ban on adultery

A 1907 New York state law criminalizing adultery (as a misdemeanor) looks likely to be repealed.

New York adulterers could get tossed out of house but not thrown in jail under newly passed bill  by MAYSOON KHAN, Associated Press/

"A little-known and rarely enforced law from 1907 that makes adultery a crime in the state of New York could soon be a thing of the past, after lawmakers passed a bill Wednesday to repeal it.

"The state Senate approved the bill almost unanimously. It's now up to New York Gov. Kathy Hochul, who is in the midst of budget negotiations, to make the ultimate decision. Her office said she'd review the legislation. The state Assembly passed the measure last month.

"Laws banning adultery still exist in several states throughout the country, but they are seldom enforced. The New York law was initially implemented to bring down the number of divorces at a time when adultery was the only way to secure a legal split.

Adultery, classified as a misdemeanor in state penal code and punishable by up to three months behind bars, is defined in New York as when a person “engages in sexual intercourse with another person at a time when he has a living spouse, or the other person has a living spouse.”

...

"Adultery is still a crime in several other U.S. states, mostly as a misdemeanor, though Oklahoma, Wisconsin and Michigan treat it as a felony offense."

##########

Here's the bill that is awaiting the Governor's signature. 

Monday, April 15, 2024

Expanding kidney exchange in India

 The Ahmedabad Mirror reports on the success of kidney exchange at the Trivedi Institute in that City, and on discussions underway to build a national kidney exchange infrastructure in India.

City Tops In India. City’s IKDRC Accounts For 539 Swap Transplants Out Of 1,808 Such Surgeries In India Till Date

"Ahmedabad leads India in the number of Kidney Paired Donations (KPD) or ‘kidney swap transplants’ carried out till date, having conducted 539 such surgeries out of 1,808 in 65 hospitals in India, shows data from the registry made by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation (ISOT). These include two pairs of surgeries conducted in 2024 so far.

"Gujarat accounted for 565 such transplants of which 539 were conducted at the state-run Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC) in Ahmedabad.

"In fact, in 2013, doctors and staff at IKDRC conducted 10 kidney swap transplants in a day, operating on 10 donors and 10 recipients in a 24-hour period.

"One Nation, One Swap?

"Mirror has now learnt that a consultation on whether a national Kidney Paired Donation programme should be instituted or not, and what should be its guidelines. 

"This is currently under deliberation between stakeholders at the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO).  

"Its director, Dr Anil Kumar, told Mirror, “It is currently at the conceptual stage and in-principle discussions are underway for a swap organ transplant programme and guidelines are yet to be framed on this issue.”

"If implemented, the biggest benefit will be decrease in waiting period for those on dialysis and waiting list due to an incompatible donor if they match with a swap pair. This will also decrease the number of patients on the transplant waitlist.

"However, there are many challenges to this. Apart from the safeguards regarding consent and transparency, other problems include the lack of a nationwide guideline on documentation and approval of swap transplants and a national swap allocation system. The logistics of long-distance organ transport also needs attention.

#########

Earlier:

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Sunday, April 14, 2024

Market design at Stanford

 Two recent Stanford news stories focus on market design:

Symposium inaugurates Center for Computational Market Design. The new center will bring interdisciplinary expertise to bear on crafting rules and procedures for creating and improving markets.

"In an interview, Amin Saberi, a co-director of the center and professor of management science and engineering, said he hopes that research by the center’s members can inform market-related policy decisions in health care, education, transportation, electricity, and the environment.

“One of our goals is to collaborate with industry and the government to analyze existing markets and improve their performance,” Saberi said. “We also hope that the center becomes a launchpad for prototyping new marketplaces.”

Itai Ashlagi, the center’s other co-director and a professor of management science and engineering, said in an interview that the rise of artificial intelligence played a role in the decision to launch the center. “AI is going to be a big player in marketplaces,” he said.

########

For the Colorado River and beyond, a new market could save the day. Stanford economist Paul Milgrom won a Nobel Prize in part for his role in enabling today’s mobile world. Now he’s tackling a different 21st century challenge: water scarcity.

#########

Earlier:

Sunday, January 7, 2024


Saturday, April 13, 2024

Call for papers: 4th ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (EAAMO '24)

 Nick Arnosti sends along the following call for papers (with a deadline on Wednesday):

We are excited to announce the Call for Participation for the 4th ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (EAAMO '24). The conference will be held from October 29-312024 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

EAAMO '24 will bring together academics and practitioners from diverse disciplines and sectors. The conference will highlight work along the research-to-practice pipeline aimed at improving access to opportunity for historically underserved and disadvantaged communities, as well as mitigating harms concerning inequitable and unsafe outcomes. In particular, we seek contributions from different fields that offer insights into the intersectional design and impacts of algorithms, optimization, and mechanism design with a grounding in the social sciences and humanistic studies.

Submissions can include research, survey, and position papers as well as problem- and practice-driven submissions by academics and practitioners from any disciplines or sectors alike. 

Important Dates:

Paper Submission Deadline: 17 April 2024, AoE

Submission Notification: 18 July 2024

Paper Submission Page: https://eaamo24.hotcrp.com/u/0/

Event Dates: 29 October - 31 October 2024

The conference will offer opportunities to engage with leading experts, share innovative research and practices, and network with peers. We look forward to your participation, and we encourage you to disseminate the Call for Papers to any interested colleagues.

 For any further inquiries about the conference, please contact the Program Chairs at pc24@eaamo.org.

 Sincerely,

EAAMO '24 Organizers 

 Program Chairs: 

Nick Arnosti, University of Minnesota
Caterina Calsamiglia, IPEG

Salvador Ruiz-Correa, IPIYCT

John P. Dickerson, Arthur & University of Maryland


Friday, April 12, 2024

Gambling on sports, by and on athletes

 Now that sports betting is legal, and apps allow people to bet on particular events within a game as it unfolds, there is concern that players could be (illegally) incentivized to under-perform in order to cause some bets to become winning bets.

The WSJ has the story:

America Made a Huge Bet on Sports Gambling. The Backlash Is Here.  Less than six years after a Supreme Court ruling paved the way for widespread legal sports gambling in the U.S., sports leagues face an onslaught of scandals related to betting.  By Joshua Robinson, , Jared Diamond,  and Robert O'Connell

"American sports spent more than a century keeping gambling as far away as possible, in the name of preserving competitive purity and repelling scandal and corruption. 

"Now, less than six years after the Supreme Court opened the door for states to embrace legal sports betting, major U.S. leagues are already confronting the darker sides of sports betting with alarming frequency. And at the heart of the problems is the population whose ability to bet on sports is the most severely curbed: the athletes themselves.

...

"The situation has become worrisome enough that National Collegiate Athletic Association president Charlie Baker on Wednesday amped up his organization’s call for a nationwide ban on bets on the performance of individual college athletes. 

...

“All of the positive benefits and additional fan engagement that could potentially come from sports betting mean nothing if we’re not protecting the integrity of the game,” Marquest Meeks, MLB’s deputy general counsel for sports betting and compliance, said in an interview last summer.

"Gambling scandals have long tainted sports. The 1919 Black Sox scandal involved eight players accused of throwing the World Series for money. Baseball superstar Pete Rose received a lifetime ban for betting on baseball, a penalty that has blocked the game’s all-time hits leader from the Hall of Fame. Point-shaving scandals have periodically roiled college basketball, and NBA referee Tim Donaghy went to prison for betting on games he officiated.

...

"Odds are now openly discussed on live broadcasts. Ads for betting apps seem to appear during every commercial break and are plastered around stadiums and arenas. Sports leagues even have gambling-focused programming on their official networks. 

...

"What’s at stake now is the promise that lies at the very center of the sports experience: Fans and participants must believe that what they are seeing is true. Yet as the leagues and the gamblers grow closer together, the mere suggestion that players could be motivated to manipulate outcomes has been enough to create fresh doubts

...

"Since the prohibition on sports gambling was lifted, leagues that had once viewed betting as an existential threat to their integrity scrambled to partner with gambling companies and brought them into the tent. This winter, Los Angeles Lakers superstar LeBron James became a brand ambassador for DraftKings, where he will dispense picks for football games. The NBA itself also announced a new feature designed to mesh the betting experience with live action: Fans watching games on League Pass, the flagship streaming platform, would be able to opt in to view betting odds on the app’s interface and click through to place wagers.

"Nothing, however, made the American marriage between sports and betting more public than what took place in the Nevada desert in February: The NFL held its first ever Super Bowl in Las Vegas.

...

“To half the world, I’m just helping them make money on DraftKings,” [Indiana Pacers point guard Tyrese] Haliburton said Tuesday evening, naming one of the league’s partners. “I’m a prop.” He was referring to so-called proposition bets, in which gamblers can place wagers on specific outcomes such as how many points a player scores or rebounds he grabs."

Thursday, April 11, 2024

Talks at Washington State University, today and tomorrow

Below is the announcement for a public lecture I'll give today at Washington State University, in Pullman, WA.  

Bertha C. and Roy E. Leigh Distinguished Lecture in Economics — School of Economic Sciences

"The School of Economic Sciences invites you to the Leigh Lecture on Thursday, April 11, at 4:30 p.m. in CUE 203 on the Pullman campus. The talk, titled “Economists as Engineers: Matchmaking and Market Design,” will be presented by Dr. Alvin Roth, the Craig and Susan McCaw Professor of Economics at Stanford University."     (another announcement here.)

And tomorrow at 3:00 I'll give an Economics department lecture on "Controversial markets and prohibited transactions."

Wednesday, April 10, 2024

Vatican statement on gender-affirming surgery and human dignity

 A new statement from the Vatican has been widely covered in the press.

Here's the story from the National Catholic Reporter:

Vatican condemns surrogacy, gender-affirming surgery, gender theory in new doctrinal note. Vatican doctrinal chief calls it 'painful' that some Catholics support gay criminalization  BY CHRISTOPHER WHITE, April 8, 2024

"Sex change operations, gender theory and surrogate motherhood pose grave threats to human dignity, according to a major new Vatican document released on April 8. 

While the highly anticipated treatise, "Dignitas Infinita: on Human Dignity," which has been the source of much speculation for months, offers a broadside against the creation of new rights motivated by sex and gender, it is largely a reiteration of long-held Catholic teaching on a number of social and moral concerns. 

The new document, however, seeks to elevate a number of social themes emphasized by Pope Francis during his decadelong papacy — such as poverty, migration and human trafficking — as being equally a part of the full panoply of potential threats to human dignity as bioethical concerns, such as abortion and euthanasia.   

...

"Among the newly identified threats to human dignity are poverty; war; the travail of migrants; human trafficking; sexual abuse; violence against women; abortion; child surrogacy; euthanasia and assisted suicide; the marginalization of people with disabilities; gender theory; sex change; and digital violence.

Gender theory, according to the document, is a subject of considerable debate among scientific experts, and risks denying "the greatest possible difference that exists between living beings: sexual difference."  

The document repeats a frequent warning of Francis against "ideological colonization," where the pope has sharply criticized western governments for allegedly imposing their sexual values on the developing world. All efforts to eliminate sexual differences between men and women must be rejected, says the document. 

At the same time, the document also begins with a caveat that all persons, regardless of their sexual orientation, must be respected, and "every sign of unjust discrimination is to be carefully avoided, particularly any form of aggression and violence."

"For this reason," the document continues, "it should be denounced as contrary to human dignity the fact that, in some places, not a few people are imprisoned, tortured, and even deprived of the good of life solely because of their sexual orientation."  

Last year, Francis became the first pope to specifically condemn the criminalization of homosexuality and said that the Catholic Church must work towards an end to what he described as "unjust" laws that criminalize being gay. At present, at least 67 countries have laws criminalizing same-sex relations. 

In its brief section on gender-affirming surgeries, the document avoids using the term "transgender" and instead offers a muted prohibition against medical interventions for such purposes.

...

"Catholic LGBTQ groups criticized the new Vatican document within hours of its publication, saying it failed to acknowledge the concrete experience of transgender and nonbinary individuals.

New Ways Ministry, an advocacy group that had an historic meeting with Francis at the Vatican last October, said in a statement that the text "fails terribly" and shows the limits of the church's understand of human dignity.

...

"The new document also goes on to repeat the pope's recent call for an international ban on the rising practice of surrogate motherhood, declaring that the "legitimate desire to have a child cannot be transformed into a 'right to a child' that fails to respect the dignity of that child as the recipient of the gift of life."  

In January, Francis used his annual "State of the World" address to ambassadors accredited to the Holy See to push for a global ban on surrogacy. 

While the pope had previously condemned the practice, the pope's sweeping remarks on the topic — where he called it a "grave violation of the dignity of the woman and the child" — marked the first time he had made such a specific policy proposal. Last month, the Vatican's ambassador to the United Nations, Archbishop Gabriele Caccia, also pressed for an international prohibition against the practice. "

Tuesday, April 9, 2024

Kidneys: compensation and altruism

 Apropos of my debate with Debra Satz this afternoon, here are two articles about kidney donation, from pure altruism or with compensation, in the New York Times and in The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy.

In the NYT:

Let People Sell Their Kidneys. It Will Save Lives., By Dylan Walsh, April 2, 2024

"There are 100,000 people in the United States waiting for a kidney. More than half a million are on dialysis, which from my experience I know to be more of a means of survival than a form of living. ... The National Kidney Foundation estimates that without more investment in preventing diabetes and other ailments, more than one million people will be suffering from kidney failure by 2030, up from over 800,000 now.

...

"Creating a market for kidneys is not a new concept, but it’s historically been met with disgust: Sell what? To be fair, some of the ways to structure such a market would be irresponsible, coercive and deserving of that disgust.

"But others are more thoughtful and prudent. One approach is to make the federal government the sole purchaser of kidneys. Donor and recipient would never meet. Compensation would be fixed, haggling impossible. After the kidney is acquired, the transplant process would unfold in the typical manner."

#####

In The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy:

Semrau, Luke. "The Altruism Requirement as Moral Fiction." In The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, p. jhae011. US: Oxford University Press, 2024.

"Abstract: It is widely agreed that living kidney donation is permitted but living kidney sales are not. Call this the Received View. One way to support the Received View is to appeal to a particular understanding of the conditions under which living kidney transplantation is permissible. It is often claimed that donors must act altruistically, without the expectation of payment and for the sake of another. Call this the Altruism Requirement. On the conventional interpretation, the Altruism Requirement is a moral fact. It states a legitimate constraint on permissible transplantation and is accepted on the basis of cogent argument. The present paper offers an alternative interpretation. I suggest the Altruism Requirement is a moral fiction—a kind of motivated falsehood. It is false that transplantation requires altruism. But the Requirement serves a purpose. Accepting it allows kidney donation but not kidney sale. It, in short, rationalizes the Received View."

Here's the concluding paragraph:

"I have argued that the Altruism Requirement is a moral fiction. No sound arguments demonstrate its truth. It continues to enjoy widespread endorsement on account of its perceived link to the Received View. It is taken as a means of allowing kidney donation but not kidney sale. Thus, it is unsurprising that, on examination, in ethical argument and in the practice of transplantation, it is, de facto, a No Payment Requirement."

Monday, April 8, 2024

Kidney Markets with Alvin Roth and Debra Satz (tomorrow, at Stanford)

 Tomorrow Debra Satz and I will respectfully disagree with each other about the prospects for and desirability of compensation for kidney donors, as part of the series  she is conducting on Democracy and Disagreement.

Kidney Markets with Alvin Roth and Debra Satz

FROM THE SERIES: Democracy and Disagreement

Tuesday, April 9, 2024  3:00pm - 4:50pm

CEMEX Auditorium, 655 Knight Way, Stanford, CA

Free

Stanford professors Alvin Roth and Debra Satz discuss kidney markets.

ABOUT THE SERIES:  Democracy and Disagreement

Debra Satz, the Vernon R. and Lysbeth Warren Anderson Dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences, and Paul Brest, interim dean and professor emeritus at Stanford Law School, host faculty members on opposing sides of a given issue for discussions that model civil disagreement. 

Open to the Stanford community.

Sunday, April 7, 2024

Call for kidney exchange in Jordan

 Here's a paper by Jordanian transplant docs, pointing out that kidney exchange (and perhaps cross border kidney exchange) would be useful for Jordan, a small country with little deceased donation.

Al-Thnaibat, Mohammad H., Mohammad K. Balaw, Mohammed K. Al-Aquily, Reem A. Ghannam, Omar B. Mohd, Firas Alabidi, Suzan Alabidi, Fadi Hussein, and Badi Rawashdeh. "Addressing Kidney Transplant Shortage: The Potential of Kidney Paired Exchanges in Jordan.Journal of Transplantation 2024 (2024).

Abstract

Jordan performed the Middle East’s first living-donor kidney transplant in 1972. In 1977, the country became one of the first Arab countries to regulate organ donation and transplantation. Despite these early advances in living donor transplantation, Jordan’s organ donation after brain death program remains inactive, making it challenging to meet organ demand and placing many patients on long transplant waiting lists. As of 2020, only 14.2% of the patients with end-stage kidney disease have access to a living donor. The scarcity of compatible living donors exacerbates Jordan’s organ shortage, leaving patients with extended waits and uncertain transplant prospects. Due to the lack of living donors and the inactive brain death donation program, additional options are needed to meet organ demand. Kidney paired exchange (KPE), emerges as a potential solution to the problem of donor shortage and donor-recipient incompatibility. By allowing living donors to direct their donated organs to different compatible recipients, KPE offers the promise of expanding transplant opportunities for patients without suitable living donors. However, the current Jordanian law restricting living kidney donation to fifth-degree relatives further limits the pool of potential donors, aggravating the organ shortage situation. This article explores the feasibility of implementing KPE in Jordan and proposes an approach to implementing KPE in Jordan, considering ethical and legal aspects to substantially increase kidney transplants.

Saturday, April 6, 2024

Israel Institute for Advanced Studies summer school in economics (and cs)

 Here's the announcement for this summer's summer school in Economics in Jerusalem (with the program and list of speakers updated on April 8).

The 34th Advanced School in Economic Theory and Computer Science Sun, 23/06/2024 to Thu, 27/06/2024

General Director: Eric Maskin, Harvard University

Organizers: Elchanan Ben-Porath, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Michal Feldman, Tel Aviv University, Noam Nisan, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Contemporary economic theorists and computer scientists have a large research agenda in common. Topics of mutual interest include the design of contracts, auctions, and information structures, as well as the use of algorithms to achieve fair allocations. This summer school will explore all these topics and more

Speakers:

Fair division of indivisible items: Uriel Feige, Weizmann Institute of Science

Algorithmic contract design: Michal Feldman, Tel Aviv University

Multidimensional mechanism design: Sergiu Hart, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Revenue maximization from samples: Yannai Gonczarowski, Harvard University

Fairness in learning and prediction: Katrina Ligett, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Matching markets: From theory to practice: Assaf Romm, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Economic aspects of Blockchains: Aviv Zohar, Assaf Romm The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Friday, April 5, 2024

Still illegal in Idaho

 Here's a map from The Hill of places where marijuana will be legal to various degrees by the end of this year. Grey states are where marijuana is still entirely illegal.  Despite the best attempts of the previous presidential administration to make America grey again, Idaho is one of only three states that remain grey: they are surrounded by states in which cannabis is legal in some form, and most of Idaho's neighbors have legalized marijuana (even) for recreational purposes (bright green on the map).



But Idaho is holding the line, which seems to be politically popular there.

The NYT has the story:

A Legal Pot Pioneer Was Busted in Idaho With 56 Pounds. He Has a Plan.  By Corey Kilgannon

"In retrospect, the Idaho shortcut might have been a bad idea.

...

"Idaho is surrounded mostly by pot friendly states and is strict about people driving through with the stuff. The authorities are especially vigilant in “corridor counties” along Interstate 84, of which Gooding County — where Mr. Beal encountered the state police — is one.

"Under state law, carrying more than 25 pounds of marijuana is a felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of five years; the maximum is 15 years, with a maximum fine of $50,000.

“It’s one of the worst places in the country to possess marijuana, definitely,” Michelle Agee, Mr. Beal’s court-appointed lawyer, said. “Idaho is stuck in the 1950s as far as marijuana goes. It’s definitely the wrong place, wrong time for a person to be accused of having marijuana.”

...

"Reached for comment, Idaho’s attorney general, Raúl R. Labrador, a former Republican congressman who helped found the conservative House Freedom Caucus, said that legalization in neighboring states had done nothing to deter the strict enforcement of the laws in Idaho.

“We’ve watched how those decisions to legalize drugs have ruined other states, and Idaho demands just a bit better for our citizens and communities,” he said. “If you are trying to transport marijuana across state lines through Idaho, take the long way instead. It’ll save us money on your incarceration.”

Thursday, April 4, 2024

Jon Levin to be new President of Stanford.

 


Stanford alum, business school dean Jonathan Levin named Stanford president

Interviews by lottery at Queens University School of Medicine

 Overwhelmed by large numbers of applications, and concerned about fairness, Queens University will set admissions thresholds (on grades and exam scores) and then determine by lottery which applicants move to the interview stage.

New admissions process improves equitable access to the Queen’s MD Program

"Queen’s Health Sciences (QHS) is adapting its MD Program admissions process to create a more inclusive entry point for all applicants, minimize systemic barriers to becoming a doctor, and increase student diversity.

"The renewed medical student admissions process will launch this fall, for 2025 admissions, and includes a pathway for lower socioeconomic status (SES) applicants and adjustments to the current Indigenous pathway. A new comprehensive approach to support the recruitment of Black students will launch in a second phase of this admissions change.  

...

"The MD Program will set admissions thresholds for grade point average (GPA), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and Casper (a situational judgment test) at levels that align with the potential for predicting success in medical school, without concern for the number of applicants who meet these thresholds. While the MD Program already posts GPA thresholds, as part of this change, MCAT thresholds will be posted as well. All applicants who meet these thresholds will be entered into a lottery to determine who will be invited to interviews. "


HT: Jonah Peranson (of National Matching Services)

Wednesday, April 3, 2024

UNOS and HRSA agree on new short-term OPTN contract

 In case you were wondering about the transition to a new deceased organ allocation model:

UNOS and HRSA agree on new short-term OPTN contract, March 29, 2024, Richmond, VA

"Today, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) announced it has signed a new short-term contract with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) to oversee the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). The new contract will go into effect tomorrow, March 30, as our current one expires today, and has a base period of nine months and the option to extend it for two additional six-month periods.

"In the interest of OPTN continuity in service of patients, UNOS agreed to largely maintain the current scope of work with minimal changes in cost. The new contract accommodates the separate UNOS corporate Board of Directors and OPTN Board of Directors, including the provision of appropriate insurance for the OPTN Board.

“We look forward to continuing our partnership with the federal government to help patients get the transplants they need and provide the stability the government desires for the OPTN,” said Maureen McBride, Ph.D., CEO of UNOS.

"Aligned with the establishment of the new UNOS corporate board, HRSA announced this week that it intends to establish a new separate legal entity to serve the OPTN board of directors over the next 90 days."

Tuesday, April 2, 2024

Children in China

 The NYT ran an interactive story on China's change in family policy, from one child (from 1979 to 2015), to two and now to three. At the link you can see old slogans and new ones.  But it was hard to limit family sizes, and it's hard to increase them. (The relaxation of the one-child policy increased demand for surrogacy in China, where it isn't legal. But it isn't clear how much demand there is for three children families.)

OneThree Is Best: How China’s Family Planning Propaganda Has Changed, By Isabelle Qian and Pablo Robles  

"For decades, China harshly restricted the number of children couples could have, arguing that everyone would be better off with fewer mouths to feed. The government’s one-child policy was woven into the fabric of everyday life, through slogans on street banners and in popular culture and public art.

"Now, faced with a shrinking and aging population, China is using many of the same propaganda channels to send the opposite message: Have more babies.

"The government has also been offering financial incentives for couples to have two or three children. But the efforts have not been successful. The birthrate in China has fallen steeply, and last year was the lowest since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949."



"Under the one-child policy, local governments levied steep “social upbringing fees” on those who had more children than allowed. For some families, these penalties brought financial devastation and fractured marriages.

"As recently as early 2021, people were still being fined heavily for having a third child, only to find out a few months later, in June, that the government passed a law allowing all married couples to have three children. It had also not only abolished these fees nationwide but also encouraged localities to provide extra welfare benefits and longer parental leave for families with three children."

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Wednesday, March 1, 2017

Sunday, March 31, 2024

MATCH-UP 2024 7th International Workshop on Matching Under Preferences, Oxford, 9 - 11 September, 2024

 Here's the announcement and call for papers of the latest edition of the Match-Up series of conferences.

MATCH-UP 2024   7th International Workshop on Matching Under Preferences 

University of Oxford, United Kingdom   9 - 11 September, 2024

 "MATCH-UP 2024 is the 7th workshop in an interdisciplinary and international workshops in the series on matching under preferences. It will take place on 9 - 11 September 2024, hosted by the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

"Matching problems with preferences occur in widespread applications such as the assignment of school-leavers to universities, junior doctors to hospitals, students to campus housing, children to schools, kidney transplant patients to donors and so on. The common thread is that individuals have preference lists over the possible outcomes and the task is to find a matching of the participants that is in some sense optimal with respect to these preferences.

"The remit of this workshop is to explore matching problems with preferences from the perspective of algorithms and complexity, discrete mathematics, combinatorial optimization, game theory, mechanism design and economics, and thus a key objective is to bring together the research communities of the related areas.

"List of Topics

"The matching problems under consideration include, but are not limited to:

  • Two-sided matchings involving agents on both sides (e.g., college admissions, medical resident allocation, job markets, and school choice)
  • Two-sided matchings involving agents and objects (e.g., house allocation, course allocation, project allocation, assigning papers to reviewers, and school choice)
  • One-sided matchings (e.g., roommate problems, coalition formation games, and kidney exchange)
  • Multi-dimensional matchings (e.g., 3D stable matching problems)
  • Matching with payments (e.g., assignment game)
  • Online and stochastic matching models (e.g., Google Ads, ride sharing, Match.com)
  • Other recent applications (e.g., refugee resettlement, food banks, social housing, and daycare)

Saturday, March 30, 2024

Fraud in physics? Room temp superconductors, again

 It should come as no surprise that it's not only social sciences that can be roiled by accusations of research misconduct.

Here's a story in Nature about a scientist who had a paper retracted from Nature, and then had another accepted, and then also retracted, both about room temperature superconductors.  It's a long, detailed story, but it says something about both science and about peer review.

Superconductivity scandal: the inside story of deception in a rising star’s physics lab. Ranga Dias claimed to have discovered the first room-temperature superconductors, but the work was later retracted. An investigation by Nature’s news team reveals new details about what happened — and how institutions missed red flags.   By Dan Garisto

"A researcher at the University of Rochester in New York, Dias achieved widespread recognition for his claim to have discovered the first room-temperature superconductor, a material that conducts electricity without resistance at ambient temperatures. Dias published that finding in a landmark Nature paper1.

"Nearly two years later, that paper was retracted. But not long after, Dias announced an even bigger result, also published in Nature: another room-temperature superconductor2.

...

" Nature has since retracted his second paper2 and many other research groups have tried and failed to replicate Dias’s superconductivity results. ...The scandal “has damaged careers of young scientists...

...

"Three previous investigations ... by the University of Rochester did not find evidence of misconduct. But last summer, the university launched a fourth investigation,... That fourth investigation is now complete and, according to a university spokesperson, the external experts confirmed that there were “data reliability concerns” 

...

"Nature retracted the CSH paper on 26 September 2022, with a notice that states “issues undermine confidence in the published magnetic susceptibility data as a whole, and we are accordingly retracting the paper”.

...

"Felicitas Heβelmann, a specialist in retractions at the Humboldt University of Berlin, says misconduct is difficult to prove, so journals often avoid laying blame on authors in retractions. “A lot of retractions use very vague language,” she says.

...

"The lack of industry-wide standards for investigating misconduct leaves it unclear whether the responsibility to investigate lands more on journals or on institutions.

...

"After Nature published the LuH paper in March 2023, many scientists were critical of the journal’s decision, given the rumours of misconduct surrounding the retracted CSH paper.

...

"All four referees agreed that the findings, if true, were highly significant. But they emphasized caution in accepting the manuscript, because of the extraordinary nature of the claims. Referee 4 wrote that the journal should be careful with such extraordinary claims to avoid another “Schön affair”, referring to the extensive data fabrication by German physicist Jan Hendrik Schön, which has become a cautionary tale in physics and led to dozens of papers being retracted, seven of them in Nature. Referees 2 and 3 also expressed concern about the results because of the CSH paper, which at the time bore an editor’s note of concern but had not yet been retracted. 

...

"When asked why Nature considered Dias’s LuH paper after being warned of potential misconduct on the previous paper, Magdalena Skipper, Nature’s editor-in-chief, said: “Our editorial policy considers every submission in its own right.” The rationale, Skipper explains, is that decisions should be made on the basis of the scientific quality, not who the authors are."