Who gets what in medical resident matching

Here's a paper that reports on the many residency positions filled outside of the match, in large part by graduates of foreign medical schools. "In 2007, 1 in 5 positions in primary care was offered outside the match."

    Out-of-Match Residency Offers: The Possible Extent and Implications of Prematching in Graduate Medical Education.
    Wetz RV, Seelig CB, Khoueiry G, Weiserbs KF, J Grad Med Educ; 2010 Sep;2(3):327-33 
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    Another paper reports that students from higher prestige American schools match disproportionately into "controllable lifestyle" specialties ("anesthesiology, dermatology, emergency medicine, neurology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, pathology, psychiatry, and radiology") ...

    Match rates into higher-income, controllable lifestylespecialties for students from highly ranked, research-based medical schoolscompared with other applicants.
    Patel MS, Katz JT, Volpp KG,  J Grad Med Educ; 2010 Sep;2(3):360-5 

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    And here's my paper on the history of the match...

    Roth, Alvin E., "The origins, history, and design of the resident match, JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, No. 7, February 19, 2003, 909-912.