Sunday, January 13, 2019

College admissions: early decision stats for this season

The Washington Post looks in on early decision (and early action) college admissions:
Early applications surge at prestigious colleges. So does early heartache.

"Early applications have been expanding for years, but last month some big-name schools reported record-setting spikes. Totals were up 9 percent at Dartmouth College, 19 percent at Duke University, 21 percent at Brown University.
"Some counselors worry the trend is widening the divide between haves and have-nots because early application programs often require those admitted to enroll. That proviso, known as “early decision,” tends to help the affluent.
Many students need to compare financial aid offers and weigh whether to take out loans.
...
"Still, highly selective colleges and universities often fill a third to half of their first-year classes through early rounds — which makes the regular round even more competitive. To address equity concerns, schools typically pledge to give students in need the same financial aid they would have received if they had been admitted in the regular cycle."

Saturday, January 12, 2019

Non-transplant tissue banks

The Brown Political Review (a student publication at Brown University) takes a look at the lightly regulated market for cadavers and body parts for uses other than transplants:

Merchants of Death: The Thriving, Unregulated Body Brokerage Industry
BY JONATHAN HUANGNOVEMBER 27, 2018

"Cadavers are irreplaceable in both the training of new medical students and medical research. Companies that make medical products also rely heavily on human tissue. Many medical schools operate their own donation programs, which provide the majority of cadavers needed for their education and research. However, many other bodies are obtained from body brokers. These body brokers, also known as non-transplant tissue banks, serve as middlemen between the recently deceased and the market for cadavers. They solicit donations from patients or their families, dismember or otherwise process the bodies as required, and sell what remains to the highest bidders. Each part has a price: a foot may sell for $250, a head might fetch $1,000. For these businesses, bodies are raw materials to be harvested and sold to other institutions for further use."

Friday, January 11, 2019

Econometricians as engineers: Susan Athey on machine learning

At the recent ASSA/AEA meetings in Atlanta,Susan Athey presented the
AEA/AFA Joint Luncheon - The Impact of Machine Learning on Econometrics and Economics 
Susan Athey, Stanford University, introduced by Ben Bernanke, Brookings Institution

You can see the video of her talk here (and videos of other talks here).

She spoke about the complementarities between econometrics and machine learning. Much of the talk was about how economists interact with computer scientists and other kinds of data scientists in the role of tech-company engineers and market designers.  Here is a photo of her final slide.


  
(maybe easier to read below, taken from the video...)

Thursday, January 10, 2019

Repugnance watch: Illegal migration crisis? It's hard to see in the numbers

Listening to President Trump Tuesday night, there's no doubt that he thinks many Americans can be rallied around the idea of an illegal immigration crisis.

I'm no expert, but evidence for that crisis is hard to see, and not just in the border state I live in.  Here's a report through 2016 by the Center for Migration Studies.

The US Undocumented Population Fell Sharply During the Obama Era: Estimates for 2016
Robert Warren, Center for Migration Studies

"Introduction
In the myriad discussions of undocumented immigration over the past two years, two of the most significant and underreported facts are that: (1) after 2000, arrivals from Mexico dropped sharply, falling to their lowest levels since the 1970s; and (2) the total population, as well as the population of most of the states and countries of origin, are lower now than they were in 2010. This report provides evidence that the historic shift from growth to decline continued in 2016."

Wednesday, January 9, 2019

More commentary on the shortage of transplantable kidneys, and compensation for donors

The recent editorial by McCormick, Held and Chertow continues to attract comments.  Here are three more.

From the Washington Post:
What if we paid people to donate their kidneys to strangers? by Megan McArdle.

"What if a simple policy could save tens of thousands of people every year from a deeply unpleasant treatment followed by early death? A policy that would disproportionately help the most disadvantaged? While actually saving taxpayer money?

"That’s a pretty rare combination; presumably you’d be pretty excited. But what if the policy involved paying people to donate one of their kidneys to a stranger?

"Possibly you are now less excited. Possibly you are now picturing a sci-fi dystopia where the poor serve as organ farms for the wealthy. Which is what such people as Gabriel Danovitch worry about.
...
“It’s about health and welfare,” says Danovitch of his transplant work. “We’re not talking about a financial interaction.”

"But . . . aren’t we? Transplant surgeons make hundreds of thousands of dollars a year for their work. In fact, everyone in the operating room except the donor is getting handsomely rewarded.

"And indeed, payments to health-care providers can distort patient care, sometimes harming patients. Yet no one suggests moving to an all-volunteer health-care system, because the distortions introduced by paying providers are infinitely preferable to what would happen if we refused to pay them."
***********

From Vox:
Study: the kidney shortage kills more than 40,000 people a year. You can help.
By Dylan Matthews
"If there were enough kidneys for everyone in the US who needed one, we could save 43,000 lives every single year.

"That’s the conclusion of researchers Frank McCormick, Philip Held, and Glenn Chertow, in an editorial published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrologists.
**********

From the Volokh Conspiracy:
Laws Banning Organ Markets Kill Even More People than Previously Thought
New analysis finds that thousands more die every year because the law forbids purchase of the kidneys they need to survive.
Ilya Somin

"The injustice of status quo policy is more than just a matter of failing to help people in need. It is the equivalent of actively killing them. Consider a situation where Bob needs to buy food in order to keep from starving. Producers are willing to sell him what he needs at market prices, but the federal government passes a law saying that it is illegal to sell food for a profit. Bob is only allowed to acquire such food as producers are willing to give him for free. If Bob starves as a result, the government is actively culpable for his death. It cannot claim that it was merely an innocent bystander who refused to help him in his time of need. The same point applies if the government (or anyone else) uses coercion to prevent people from selling organs that ESRD patients need to live."
##

I'm reminded of earlier posts by these conspirators:

Saturday, July 18, 2009

and this 2007 essay in the Harvard Law Review:
Medical Self-Defense, Prohibited Experimental Therapies, and Payment for Organs
Essay by Eugene Volokh

Tuesday, January 8, 2019

Harm reduction: quality assurance for illegal drugs in Australia

The WaPo has the story, from Australia

Music festivals are offering to test the safety of people’s drugs and police are increasingly liking the idea

"MELBOURNE, Australia — When young visitors from around the world headed to Australia’s Groovin the Moo music festival in Canberra last summer, public health policy researchers were watching carefully. In a rare decision, local officials there had allowed the installation of a pill testing facility, allowing festival goers to have illegal substances examined for unusual and potentially even more dangerous additives, without having to fear arrest.

"For a long time, authorities at festivals in Australia and elsewhere almost entirely focused on preventing people from taking drugs in the first place. That approach has done little to drive down the number of drug-related deaths, however, and a mounting body of research suggests that pill testing facilities might be a more promising strategy.
...
"While the idea has recently gained more support, drug tests aren’t new and have also been tried out in some parts of the United States. Installing such facilities at music festivals has de-facto been the norm in some European countries, including the Netherlands and Austria, for more than a decade. But amid more detailed research and increases in drug-related hospital admissions, supporters of drug tests are now also gaining momentum in Australia and New Zealand, where authorities have so far only allowed limited trials.
...
"Critics argue that the approach could encourage young people to take more drugs and that it sends the wrong message. On-site tests have also been singled out for being inaccurate, given the sometimes limited availability of equipment.
But supporters of the tests maintain that their approach is far more effective than focusing on arrests. Pill testing “has been shown to change the black market” for the better and may even decrease overall drug consumption, as “negative results would deter a majority of people from consuming drugs and spur them to warn their friends,” according to a summary of arguments in favor of tests by Australia’s parliamentary library. Research by the Global Drug Survey came to a similar conclusion last year."

Monday, January 7, 2019

Israel adopts the 'Nordic model' of criminalizing the hiring of prostitutes

The Jerusalem Post has the story:

ISRAEL BECOMES 10TH COUNTRY TO CRIMINALIZE HIRING PROSTITUTES
When the law goes into effect, a first-time offender will be fined NIS 2,000 for hiring or attempting to hire a prostitute and NIS 4,000 for further offenses.

"The Knesset on Monday passed a landmark law against prostitution making hiring sex workers a crime, rather than the work itself.

The law makes Israel the 10th country to institute what is called the “Nordic Model” of combating human trafficking and prostitution. 
*********
Here's Haaretz, which speaks about the eradication of prostitution (which seems unlikely to this observer of black markets...):

Israel Passes Law Banning the Buying of Sex

"According to the law, which passed in a 34-0 vote, anyone buying or attempting to buy sex would be fined 2,000 shekels ($534), which doubles for a second offense. For any further violations the offender could be prosecuted and the fine could reach 75,300 shekels.

"The law goes into effect in a year and a half, to give the state a chance to create rehabilitation services for prostitutes. An interministerial committee on reducing prostitution recommended that the government allocate tens of millions of shekels for this purpose.
...
"Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked, who did not come to the Knesset but turned the bills into a government-sponsored proposal, said that the “consumption of prostitution is a moral failing that seriously harms the status of women. A woman’s body is not an object to be sold to the highest bidder.”

MK Shelly Yacimovich (Zionist Union), who actively promoted the bill, said that “the war on the clients of prostitutes is similar to the war on slavery and the freeing of slaves, no less. In the beginning, the call to make the johns the offenders was considered radical and revolutionary, but in the end we arrived at this law, which is definitely a significant and historic step.”

"Attorney Nitzan Kahana, codirector of the Task Force on Human Trafficking and Prostitution, said the passage of the law ended 2018 with good news for all Israeli women.
“The Knesset is fulfilling its obligation to work with all its might to eradicate the cycle of prostitution,” she said. “We promised to end exploitation for prostitution, which is a social disgrace for us all and initiates many young women into a world of exploitation and violence. Today we took a historic step.”

Sunday, January 6, 2019

Market design on Sunday

8am at the ASSA conference would be incomplete without a final session on matching markets:

Matching Markets - Behavioral Issues and New Theoretical Approaches

Paper Session

 Sunday, Jan. 6, 2019   8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, L507
Hosted By: ECONOMETRIC SOCIETY
  • Chair: Jacob LeshnoColumbia University

Complementary Inputs and Stability in Large Trading Networks

Ravi Jagadeesan
Harvard University

Obvious Dominance and Random Priority

Marek Pycia
University of California-Los Angeles
Peter Troyan
University of Virginia
Discussant(s)
Allan Hernandez Chanto
Queensland University
Ran Shorrer
Pennsylvania State University
Alexandru Nichifor
University of Melbourne
Shengwu Li
Harvard University

Saturday, January 5, 2019

Market design at the ASSA on Saturday

I'll attend as many of these as I can today.
A choice of three at 8am:

Advances in Dynamic Mechanism Design


Paper Session

 Saturday, Jan. 5, 2019   8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, International 2
Hosted By: AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
  • Chair: Vasiliki SkretaUniversity of Texas-Austin, University College London, and CEPR

Social Insurance, Information Revelation, and Lack of Commitment

Mikhail Golosov
,
University of Chicago
Luigi Iovino
,
Bocconi University and IGIER
Discussant(s)
Juan Ortner
,
Boston University
Rahul Deb
,
University of Toronto
Christopher Sleet
,
Carnegie Mellon University
Xianwen Shi
,
University of Toronto
*********

Practical Considerations in Deploying Matching Mechanisms


Paper Session

 Saturday, Jan. 5, 2019   8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, International 9
Hosted By: AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
  • Chair: Alex Rees-JonesUniversity of Pennsylvania

Reducing Congestion in Matching Markets Using Informative Signals

Itai Ashlagi
,
Stanford University
Mark Braverman
,
Princeton University
Yash Kanoria
,
Columbia University
Peng Shi
,
University of Southern California

Obvious Mistakes in a Strategically Simple College Admissions Environment: Causes and Consequences

Ran Shorrer
Pennsylvania State University
Sandor Sovago
,
Vrije University Amsterdam

****************

Auctions & Mechanism Design

Paper Session

 Saturday, Jan. 5, 2019   8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, L503
Hosted By: ECONOMETRIC SOCIETY
  • Chair: Scott Duke KominersHarvard University

Auctions with Entry Versus Entry in Auctions

Jiafeng Chen
Harvard University
Scott Duke Kominers
Harvard University
Discussant(s)
Xianwen Shi
University of Toronto
Rahul Deb
University of Toronto
Luciano de Castro
University of Iowa
Benjamin Brooks
University of Chicago
***************
Here's one that combines market design with repugnance:

Sex, Drugs, Kidneys and Migrants: Economic Analyses of Contested Transactions

Paper Session

 Saturday, Jan. 5, 2019   10:15 AM - 12:15 PM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, International 5
Hosted By: AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
  • Chair: Nicola LaceteraUniversity of Toronto

Paying for Kidneys? A Randomized Survey and Choice Experiment

Mario Macis
Johns Hopkins University
Julio Elias
University of CEMA
Nicola Lacetera
University of Toronto

Federalism, Partial Prohibition, and Cross Border Sales: Evidence from Recreational Marijuana

Benjamin Hansen
University of Oregon
Keaton Miller
University of Oregon
Caroline Weber
University of Oregon

Crimes against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work

Manisha Shah
University of California-Los Angeles
Lisa Cameron
University of Melbourne
Jennifer Muz
George Washington University

Craigslist’s Effect on Violence Against Women

Scott Cunningham
Baylor University
Gregory DeAngelo
West Virginia University
John Tripp
Baylor University
Discussant(s)
Matthew Weinzierl
Harvard University
Stefanie Stantcheva
Harvard University
Jennifer Doleac
Texas A&M University
Nicola Lacetera
University of Toronto
***********

New Advances in Matching with Contracts

Paper Session

 Saturday, Jan. 5, 2019   2:30 PM - 4:30 PM

 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, International 10
Hosted By: AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
  • Chair: Larry SamuelsonYale University

Chain Stability in Trading Networks

John William Hatfield
University of Texas-Austin
Scott Duke Kominers
Harvard Business School
Alexandru Nichifor
University of Melbourne
Michael Ostrovsky
Stanford University
Alexander Westkamp
University of Cologne

Trading Networks with Frictions

Tamás Fleiner
,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics and Eötvös Loránd University
Ravi Jagadeesan
Harvard University
Zsuzsanna Jankó
Corvinus University
Alexander Teytelboym
University of Oxford

Carpooling and the Economics of Self-Driving Cars

Michael Ostrovsky
Stanford University
Michael Schwarz
Microsoft
Discussant(s)
Scott Duke Kominers
Harvard Business School
Ravi Jagadeesan
Harvard University
Larry Samuelson
Yale University
Edward L. Glaeser
Harvard University
********