Ron Paul on paying organ donors

Ron Paul: End government control of organ transplants and compensate donors

"In his weekly Texas Straight Talk column — which has continued after his departure from Congress in January — Paul called for a repeal of he federal ban on compensating organ donors. Calling the support of the current system nonsensical, Paul asked, “If we trust the market to deliver food, shelter, and all other necessities, why should we not trust it to deliver health care- including organs?”"

Here's his column in full:

***Please note: This is the temporary home for my weekly column until my personal web page is up and running.***

Let Market Forces Solve Organ Transplant Crisis

Ten-year old cystic fibrosis patient Sarah Murnaghan captured the nation’s attention when federal bureaucrats imposed a de facto death sentence on her by refusing to modify the rules governing organ transplants. The rules in question forbid children under 12 from receiving transplants of adult organs. Even though Sarah’s own physician said she was an excellent candidate to receive an adult organ transplant, government officials refused to even consider modifying their rules.

Fortunately, a federal judge intervened so Sarah received the lung transplant. But the welcome decision in this case does not change the need to end government control of organ donations and repeal the federal ban on compensating organ donors.

Supporters of the current system claim that organ donation is too important to be left to the marketplace. But this is nonsensical: if we trust the market to deliver food, shelter, and all other necessities, why should we not trust it to deliver healthcare—including organs?

It is also argued that it is “uncompassionate” or “immoral” to allow patients or insurance companies to provide compensation to donors. But one of the reasons the waiting lists for transplants is so long, with many Americans dying before receiving a transplant, is because of a shortage of organs. If organ donors, or their heirs, were compensated for donating, more people would have an incentive to become organ donors.

Those who oppose allowing patients to purchase organs should ask themselves how compassionate is it to allow those people to die on the transplant waiting list who might otherwise have lived if they were able to obtain organs though private contracts.

Some are concerned that if organ donations were supplied via the market instead of through government regulation, those with lower incomes would be effectively denied access to donated organs. This ignores our current two-tier system for allocating organs, as the wealthy can travel overseas for transplants if they cannot receive a transplant in America. Allowing the free market to alleviate the shortage of organs and reduce the costs of medial procedures like transplants would benefit the middle class and the poor, not the wealthy.

The costs of obtaining organs would likely be covered by most health insurance plans, thus reducing the costs directly borne by individual patients. Furthermore, if current federal laws distorting the health care market are repealed, procedures such as transplants would be much more affordable. Expanded access to health savings accounts and flexible savings accounts, combined with generous individual tax deductions and credits, would also make it easier for people to afford health care procedures such as transplants.

There is also some hypocrisy in the argument against allowing market forces in organ transplants. Everyone else involved in organ transplantation procedures, including doctors, nurses, and even the hospital janitor, receives compensation. Not even the most extreme proponent of government-provided health care advocates forcing medical professionals to provide care without compensation. Hospitals and other private institutions provide compensation for blood and plasma donations, and men and women are compensated for donations to fertility clinics, so why not allow compensation for organ donation?

Sarah Murnaghan’s case shows the fallacy in thinking that a free-market system for organ donations is less moral or less effective than a government-controlled system. It is only the bureaucrats who put adherence to arbitrary rules ahead of the life of a ten-year old child. It is time for Congress to wake up and see that markets work better in all aspects of health care, including organ donation, just as they work better in providing all other goods and services.

Permission to reprint in whole or in part is gladly granted, provided full credit is given.

SITE workship on Dynamic Games, Contracts and Markets, July 29-31 2013

The announcement is here:

Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics Summer 2013 Workshop
	Segment 4: Dynamic Games, Contracts, and Markets July 29, 30 and 31, 2013 Organized by Yuliy Sannikov, Princeton University; Simon Board, University of California, Los Angeles; Andrzej Skrzypacz, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University and Alexander Wolitzky, Pablo Kurlat, Florian Scheuer, all Department of Economics, Stanford University.
	This Segment of SITE is partially sponsored by The Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Monday, July 29, 2013 8.30 - 9.00 Breakfast *Part 1: Agency with Frequent Actions 9.00 - 9.45 Yuliy Sannikov, Princeton University: Moral Hazard and Long-Run Incentives 9.45 - 10.15 Coffee 10.15 - 11.00 Tomasz Sadzik, University of California, Los Angeles and Ennio Stacchetti, New York University: Agency Models with Frequent Actions: A Quadratic Approximation Approach 11.00 - 11.30 Coffee 11.30 - 12.15 George Georgiadis, California Institute of Technology and Boston University: Projects and Team Dynamics 12.15 - 2.00 Lunchtime discussion *Part 2: Dynamic Agency 2.00 - 2.45 Guy Arie, Rochester University: Dynamic Costs and Moral Hazard 2.45 - 3.15 Coffee 3.15 - 4.00 Qingmin Liu, Marina Halac and Navin Kartik, all Columbia University: Optimal Contracts for Experimentation 4.00 - 4.30 Coffee 4.30 - 5.15 Mikhail Golosov, Princeton University and Luigi Ioviono, Toulous School of Economics:Social Insurance, Information Revelation, and Lack of Commitment Tuesday, July 30, 2013 *Part 3: Dynamic Mechanism Design 8.30 - 9.00 Breakfast 9.00 - 9.45 Daniel Garrett, Toulouse School of Economics and Alessandro Pavan, Northwestern University: Dynamic Managerial Compensation: On the Optimality of Seniority-Based Schemes 9.45 - 10.15 Coffee 10.15 - 11.00 Andrzej Skrzypacz, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University and Juuso Toikka,Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mechanisms for Dynamic Bargaining 11.00 - 11.30 Coffee 11.30 - 12.15 Jeffrey Ely, Northwestern University, Alex Frankel and Emir Kamenica, both University of Chicago, Booth School of Business: Suspense and Surprise 12.15 - 2.00 Lunchtime discussion *Part 4: Repeated Games 2.00 - 2.45 Axel Anderson, Georgetown University and Lones Smith, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Dynamic Deception 2.45 - 3.15 Coffee 3.15 - 4.00 Takuo Sugaya, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University: Efficiency in Markov Games with Incomplete and Private Information 4.00 - 4.30 Coffee 4.30 - 5.15 David Rahman, University of Minnesota: Frequent Actions with Infrequent Coordination 6.30 Continued discussion and dissemination of technical knowledge during dinner Wednesday, July 31, 2013 *Part 5: Search/Experimentation/Information Aggregation in Markets 8.30 - 9.00 Breakfast 9.00 - 9.45 Yoon Koo Che, Colombia University and Johannes Horner, Yale University: Optimal Design for Social Learning 9.45 - 10.15 Coffee 10.15 - 11.00 Stephan Lauermann, University of Michigan and Asher Wolinsky, Northwestern University: Search with Adverse Selection 11.00 - 11.30 Coffee 11.30 - 12.15 Marzena Rostek, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Semyon Malamud, EPF Lausanne: Dynamic Thin Markets 12.15 - 2.00 Lunchtime discussion *Part 6: Reputation and Sequential Screening 2.00 - 2.45 Bruno Strulovici, Northwestern University: Coase Conjecture and Efficiency: A Foundation for Renegotiation-proof Contracts 2.45 - 3.15 Coffee 3.15 - 4.00 Dilip Abreu, Princeton University, and David Pearce and Ennio Stacchetti, both New York University: One-Sided Uncertainty and Delay in Reputational Bargaining 4.00 - 4.30 Coffee 4.30 - 5.15 Juan Pablo Xandri, Princeton University: Credible Reforms: A Robust Implementation Approach

Monty Python's take on organ donation

Not for the faint of heart, here is Monty Python's take on becoming registered as a deceased donor...

And here (for the humor impaired) is the Mythbusters review of that clip: “Hello, Can We Have Your Liver?” and the Damage of the Monty Python Sketch, excerpted below

"In the scene in question a knock comes at a man’s door.  “Hello, can we have your liver?” asks John Cleese, clad in a white coat on the doorstep, “But, I’m (still) using it!!!” objects the resident.  His wife comes along as Cleese and company are ripping the liver from her screaming husband, “is this because he took out one of those silly cards?,” she asks, and then adds,  “Typical of him! Always full of good intentions!”

"While art –in this case comedy– can turn our eyes inwards, scenes like this,  urban legends, and other myths have done much to discourage organ donation in our society.  At the crux of the matter is the fact that organ donation can save lives. Many lives. When you pass away your thoughtfulness and selflessness can give someone back a life they might otherwise not live.

"Here is that myth debunked.

"THE MYTH: If I sign my donor card or register my consent & I become injured or sick, the Doctors will not take every care to keep me alive. Instead they will let me die with an eye towards harvesting my organs.

"MYTH BUSTED: The registry can’t be accessed until a person is declared dead. Also, ICU doctors are a different bunch than the Transplant Docs. You need two independent docs trained in the diagnosis of brain death to proceed to donation. No two docs, no donation.

"There’s a bunch of other protections as well. The key thing is, if this myth happened even once, donor rates would collapse, the system requires total confidence."

Medicare's 3 year limit on post-transplant immunosuppressive drugs

A lot has been written about this, here's yet another story that puts a personal edge on a systematic problem and a big waste of taxpayer dollars through a false economy: Medicare disserves younger kidney-transplant patients by DR. JANANI RANGASWAMI, FOR THE INQUIRER

Market design talk at Sun Yat Sen University in Guangzhou

Here's an ex-post account, from which the picture below is taken. (I earlier posted a link to a pre-talk account.) One of the people I met there, Professor Pu Yongjian, of the School of Economics and Business Administration at Chongqing University, gave me his book in Chinese on matching and related topics. I think matching and market design more generally could prove useful in China.

Unraveling in the market for chefs?

It turns out that good restaurants need good cooks, and they are hard to find and keep in the growing market for fancy restaurants: Talent Shortage: Why New York’s Chefs Can’t Find Enough Good Cooks

Stephanie Hurder points out to me that the article hints at possible unraveling of the market:

"Another move is judging final exams at culinary schools like the International Culinary Center. If a chef sees a student whose work impresses them, they can offer the student a trailing gig — like an extended interview in the kitchen — on the spot."

Prize in Game Theory and Computer Science to Edelman, Ostrovsky and Schwarz, and Varian

Here's the prize announcement:

Prize in Game Theory and Computer Science of the Game Theory Society

in Honour of Ehud Kalai, endowed by Yoav Shoham

Following the Call for Nominations, the 2013 Prize is awarded in equal parts to Benjamin Edelman, Michael Ostrovsky, Michael Schwarz, and Hal R. Varian for their papers

Benjamin Edelman, Michael Ostrovsky, and Michael Schwarz, "Internet Advertising and the Generalized Second-Price Auction: Selling Billions of Dollars Worth of Keywords," American Economic Review 97, pages 242-259, 2007,

and

Hal R. Varian, "Position Auctions," International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, pages 1163-1178, 2007,

for their fundamental analysis of Online Advertisement Auctions.

The Prize committee, appointed by Roger Myerson as President of the Game Theory Society, consisted in 2013 of Paul W. Goldberg, Kevin Leyton-Brown, Éva Tardos, and Bernhard von Stengel.

In their report to the President, they stated their reasons for selecting this work as follows, referring to the papers as "EOS" and "Varian":

A very significant body of research at the interface of game theory and computer science concerns the design of automated mechanisms for economic transactions, which typically take place on the internet. A prime example are advertisements that search engines such as Google, Bing or Yahoo! place next to the results of internet searches for a given keyword. When a user clicks on such an ad, the search engine receives money from the advertiser. The payment is determined by an auction mechanism that computes the available advertisement "slots" to the bids which are dynamically provided by the bidders for each keyword search.

EOS and Varian (independently) analyzed an auction format known as the "generalized second price auction", a term coined by EOS, which is now used by the major search engines. Their work is of unparalleled theoretical and practical influence. At the time of this writing, it has attracted over 1,400 combined citations (about 800 for EOS and 600 for Varian) and the two articles are by far the most influential papers in the area.

The design of market mechanisms that are implemented algorithmically represents a most fruitful interaction of game theory and computer science. The work of EOS and Varian has spawned research - and, also significantly, attractive jobs for economic and computing theorists - to an extent that they clearly deserve the Prize.

Congratulations to the winners! They will present their work at the occasion of the award on July 17, 2013, at the Workshop on Computational Game Theory in Stony Brook, New York.

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Call for nominations - Prize in Game Theory and Computer Science

(mailed to GTS members by Roger Myerson on 25 April 2013)

The Prize in Game Theory and Computer Science of the Game Theory Society was established in 2008 by a donation from Yoav Shoham in recognition of Ehud Kalai's role in promoting the connection of the two research areas. The last time the Prize was awarded at the Third World Congress of the Society in 2008 in Evanston. This time, the Prize will in 2013 be awarded at the Workshop on Computational Game Theory in Stony Brook, New York (July 16-18, 2013).

The Prize will be awarded to the person (or persons) who have published the best paper at the interface of game theory and computer science in the last decade. Preference will be given to candidates of age 45 or less at the time of the award, but this is not an absolute constraint. The amount of the Prize will be USD 2,500 plus travel expenses of up to USD 2,500 to attend the scientific event where the Prize is awarded.

The Game Theory Society invites nominations for the Prize. Each nomination should include a full copy of the paper (in pdf format) plus an extended abstract, not exceeding two pages, that explains the nature and importance of the contribution.

Nominations should be emailed to the Society's Secretary-Treasurer, Federico Valenciano (at federico.valenciano@ehu.es ) by 15 May 2013. The selection will be made by a committee appointed by the President, and the result will be announced in June 2013.

Egg donation in Israel at a new, higher price

Egg donors to be compensated with NIS 19,000

"The Knesset's Labor, Welfare and Health Committee approved raising compensation sum to egg donors to NIS 19,000 ($5200) due to lack of donors.

"Since the bill to allow women to donate eggs in Israel was approved over a year and a half ago, only seven women had donated eggs, and were given NIS 10,000 ($2800). The Health Ministry requested to raise the compensation total in order to increase the number of donors due to severe shortage of eggs."

Budish, Cramton and Shim on The High-Frequency Trading Arms Race

Presently most stock markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, and most futures markets, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, use a market design called the continuous limit order book."Continuous" means that whoever accepts a bid or ask first gets the trade. This can create a race that doesn’t have an economic purpose. (Billions have been spent on optical fiber cables and microwave channels to shave milliseconds off how quickly traders can compare prices in NY and Chicago.) It can also make the market thinner in costly ways. (Liquidity providers have to quote wider bid-ask spreads to protect themselves against getting ‘sniped’ if there is a news event and they don’t adjust their quotes fast enough.)

An exciting market design paper documents this and suggests a solution (run a batch market every second, so that traders would have to compete on price rather than time):
The High-Frequency Trading Arms Race: Frequent Batch Auctions as a Market Design Response
by Eric Budish, Peter Cramton, and John Shim

Abstract: We propose frequent batch auctions – uniform-price double auctions conducted at frequent but discrete time intervals, e.g., every 1 second – as a market design response to the high-frequency trading arms race. Our argument has four parts. First, we use millisecond-level direct-feed data from exchanges to show that, under the continuous limit order book market design that is currently predominant, market correlations that function properly at human-scale time horizons completely break down at high frequency time horizons. Second, we show that this correlation breakdown creates purely technical arbitrage opportunities, which in turn creates an arms race to exploit such opportunities. Third, we develop a simple theory model motivated by these empirical facts. The model shows that the arms race is not only per se wasteful, but also leads to wider spreads and thinner markets for fundamental investors. Last, we use the model to show that batching eliminates the arms race, both because it reduces the value of tiny speed advantages and because it transforms competition on speed into competition on price. Consequently, frequent batch auctions lead to narrower spreads, deeper markets, and increased social welfare.
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Figure 1.1 of the paper beautifully illustrates why speed pays: it only takes milliseconds for a price movement on index futures in Chicago to be matched by a corresponding price change on the exchange-traded index fund in NY. Whoever sees that discrepancy first can earn the full arbitrage profits. (In a batch market every second, traders would have to compete for these...)

Tim Harford has a nice summary of the paper here.
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The NY Times covered a different kind of early information (seconds not milliseconds, involving survey results, not prices) in this pair of before and after stories: Thomson Reuters to Suspend Early Peeks at Key Index, Fair Play Measured in Slivers of a Second

From the second story:
"On Friday morning, Thomson Reuters released the latest University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index, as it does twice a month. But this time was different. As a result of a settlement Thomson Reuters reached this week with New York’s attorney general, Eric T. Schneiderman, a select group of its customers didn’t get the two-second advance release they’d been buying.
...
"The difference was arresting. On Friday, just 500 shares of a leading Standard & Poor’s 500 exchange-traded fund traded during the first 10 milliseconds of the two-second window before the release of the University of Michigan data to Thomson Reuters’ regular clients, according to the market research firm Nanex. A year ago, on July 13, 2012, 200,000 shares traded during that 10-millisecond period, Nanex said."
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I shared a draft of this post with Eric Budish, who replied as follows:

"If you wanted to hook this paper into your own work, here are some potential connections (we chatted about these connections last time I was in Stanford):
- Serial vs. batch processing: we are criticizing continuous limit order books, which process messages one-at-a-time in serial and hence induce speed races, and proposing a batch auction in its place. This reminds me of your 1997 JPE paper on serial vs. batch processing …
- Congestion: the speed race creates congestion for the exchange’s computers, which leads to a backlog in processing messages, which leads to traders being confused about the state of their orders, which creates uncertainty and occasionally bigger problems (backlog is most severe at times of especially high market activity, when reliance on low-latency information is also at its highest). We talk about this a bit in Section 8 of the paper
- Sniping: our empirical work and theory model highlight that an important cost of liquidity provision under the continuous limit order book is that liquidity providers are constantly getting “sniped” – when there is an arbitrage opportunity, such as the one you can see in Figure 1.1 of the paper, some poor liquidity provider is on the other side of that arbitrage opportunity and is losing money … he ultimately passes this cost on to fundamental investors via a wider bid-ask spread
- Thickness: continuous time is the ultimate thin market, in most dt’s there is no activity whatsoever …

Not sure that any of this is worth mentioning, but it’s fun to see all of these themes from your work coming up in so different a context."

Future of Game Theory: Stony Brook roundtable

This past week I had the opportunity to listen to a discussion of "The Present and Future of Game Theory". The highlight was a set of short talks by Aumann, Fudenberg, Kalai, and Maskin:

Robert Aumann* (Hebrew University and Stony Brook University) Overview
Drew Fudenberg (Harvard University) Predictive Game Theory
Ehud Kalai (Northwestern University) Game Theory and Computer Science
Eric Maskin* (Harvard University)  The Present and Future of Mechanism Design

Bob Aumann opens the session on the present and future of game theory

To my pleased surprise, they all seemed to see the future of game theory in applications of various kinds.

 Bob Aumann's first examples, of "hard" (as opposed to "soft") applications were from market design

Drew Fudenberg speaks about predictive game theory

 Drew focused on "predictive game theory," and the need for experiments and computational models.

Ehud Kalai speaks about game theory and computer science

Ehud Kalai spoke without slides, in front of photos of Lloyd Shapley and Jean Francois Mertens, who were honored in different ways at the conference. He spoke about how game theory and computer science are likely to become increasingly entangled in the years to come.

Eric Maskin speaks about the future of mechanism design

Eric Maskin included the fall of the planned economies of Eastern Europe among the applications of mechanism design, and also included the design of auction and matching markets.













Later in the same session I spoke about some of the differences between "game engineering" and game theory, and elaborated on the following points that I think are typical of the situation we often find ourselves in in market design:
1. We don’t know the whole game
2. We can’t compare designs just by their equilibria
3. Design solutions can’t always wait for reliable scientific knowledge
4. Market design solutions don’t last forever
5. We can’t just do the game theory, other problems have to be addressed to have a complete design

Market design conference at Lund, July 25-27

Here is the conference website: Conference on Economic Design 2013 (25-27 July)

Beforehand, The Arne Ryde Foundation will organize a two-day mini-course on Economic Design July 23-24, 2013. The course is directed towards PhD students and post-docs wanting a firm grounding in the subject and consists of four lectures on Economic Design given by leading researchers in the field (Gabrielle Demange, Bettina Klaus, Tayfun Sönmez and William Thomson).

The conference program is here.

The keynote addresses are

Murat Sertel Lecture, Date and time: July 25, 17:35-18:50
Chair: M. Utku Ünver(Department of Economics, Boston College)
Professor Tayfun Sönmez(Department of Economics, Boston College)
Kidney Exchange: Past, Present, and Potential Future

SED Lecture Date and time: July 26, 09:00-10:15
Chair: Lars Ehlers(Département de Sciences Économiques and CIREQ, Université de Montréal)
Professor William Thomson (University of Rochester, Department of Economics)
Allocation when Preferences are Single-peaked: Basic Model and New Directions

SED Lecture, Date and time: July 26, 17:20-18:35
Chair: Tommy Andersson (Department of Economics, Lund University)
Professor Paul Klemperer(Oxford University, Nuffield College)
Geometry, Auctions, and Matching

Tim Besley reviews "What Money Can't Buy" by Michael Sandel

Besley likes Sandel's book (while recognizing its flaws): Here's the opening sentence of his review in the Journal of Economic Literature(2013, 51(2), 478–495):

"Michael Sandel’s What Money Can’t Buy (WMCB hereafter) is a great book and I recommend every economist to read it even though we are not really his target audience."

I've written a bunch of blog posts about Sandel's views on markets, and others on repugnant transactions and markets, so I won't go into the details again here.

Let me instead give Besley the last word. Here are two paragraphs from his Final Remarks:

"The timing of WMCB may seem ironic in a year in which the Nobel Prize was awarded to Alvin Roth and Lloyd Shapley for their important work on market design that underpins a large expansion of exchange and matching into domains such as school choice, labor markets, and kidney exchange.
As Roth (2008) explains, the approach that he has taken is sensitive to issues of social constraints on market allocations. For example, he acknowledges that having a role for prices in kidney exchanges offends societal values. So the market design that has been proposed in this setting looks for exchanges that are feasible without prices. Thus, the concerns in WMCB are already taken on board by those who are actively promoting more socially sensitive forms of exchange.
...
"At the outset, WMCB identifies two obstacles to rethinking the role and reach of markets. One is the power and prestige of market thinking. The other is the rancor and emptiness of public discourse. Most economists will regard the first as well earned and many would gladly take a bow. But it seems hard to dispute that the need to participate in and engage with debates about markets (and governments) is a central obligation of the economics profession. WMCB is to be applauded for supplying both provocation and insight on a wide range of important topics. And it suggests
a range of challenges to which the discipline of economics can respond."


HT: Parag Pathak

From auctions to buy-it-now on eBay

eBay has changed since I started studying in the late 1990's, when it was all auctions all the time.
Here's the story:

SALES MECHANISMS IN ONLINE MARKETS:
WHAT HAPPENED TO INTERNET AUCTIONS?
by Liran Einav
Chiara Farronato
Jonathan D. Levin
Neel Sundaresan
Working Paper 19021
http://www.nber.org/papers/w19021


ABSTRACT
Consumer auctions were very popular in the early days of internet commerce, but today online sellers mostly use posted prices. Data from eBay shows that compositional shifts in the items being sold, or the sellers offering these items, cannot account for this evolution. Instead, the returns to sellers using auctions have diminished. We develop a model to distinguish two hypotheses: a shift in buyer demand away from auctions, and general narrowing of seller margins that favors posted prices. Our estimates suggest that the former is more important. We also provide evidence on where auctions still are used, and on why some sellers may continue to use both auctions and posted prices.

a pre-emptive letter of rejection from one of my favorite journals, Games and Economic Behavior

Along with what I presume are very many other people, I recently received this email from the editors of Games and Economic Behavior (GEB). The first part of the email (reproduced below) reads a lot like the rejection letters I get, and says that only papers of very broad general interest can be accepted (and not papers that are of interest to only some readers..).  But in this case the letter is being sent to people before they submit a paper. (The second part of the email sensibly encourages editors and referees to reject things quickly, at least, and use early desk rejections, so that people will still be willing to submit to a journal that is likely to reject their paper...)

"Dear GEB colleagues,

"We are writing to update you on the state of the journal, remind you of GEB's objective, ask for your help, and thank you for your contributions.

"Journals that publish papers in game theory
Currently, there are six journals devoted entirely to publishing game theory papers:
1. Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier
2. International Journal of Game Theory, Springer
3. International Game Theory Review, World Scientific
4. International Journal of Mathematics, Game Theory and Algebra, Nova Publishers
5. Journal of Game Theory, Scientific & Academic Publishing - Open Access (Peer Review) 
6. Games, MDPI - Open Access (Peer Review) 

"In addition, most economic theory journals publish game theory papers and there is a fast growing number of game theory papers published in computer science and operations research journals. For example, one of the four sections of Mathematics of Operations Research is devoted entirely to game theory and ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation is heavily concentrated on game theory. 

"The unique role of GEB
The stated goal of GEB is to "facilitate cross-fertilization between theories and applications of game theoretic reasoning." With the expansion of game theory into a variety of subjects beyond economics (computer science, operations research and management, biology, sociology, psychology, linguistics, philosophy), it is important to communicate and coordinate game-theoretic research across these fields. To be effective in this mission, it is important to restrict publications in GEB to papers that are of general game theoretic interest (in a broad sense) and not to publish papers that are of interest only to narrow groups, even if they are high quality. With the current rate of more than 700 new submissions a year, this means that GEB has to maintain a high rate of rejection. The current rate of rejection is approximately five out of six newly submitted papers."

2013 Best paper prize to Michael Ostrovsky and Michael Schwarz for AEJ: Micro, 2 (2), "Information Disclosure and Unraveling in Matching Markets,"

A Best Paper Prize for the matching market view of grade inflation:)

AEJ: Micro, 2 (2), "Information Disclosure and Unraveling in Matching Markets," Michael Ostrovsky and Michael Schwarz

Abstract

This paper explores information disclosure in matching markets. A school may suppress some information about students in order to improve their average job placement. We consider a setting with many schools, students, and jobs, and show that if early contracting is impossible, the same, "balanced" amount of information is disclosed in essentially all equilibria. When early contracting is allowed and information arrives gradually, if schools disclose the balanced amount of information, students and employers will not find it profitable to contract early. If they disclose more, some students and employers will prefer to sign contracts before all information is revealed. 

Matching with couples in large markets: Kojima, Pathak and Roth

Fuhito Kojima, Parag Pathak and I have a paper coming out that suggests a beginning of an answer to the empirical puzzle presented by the fact that the many annual labor matching markets with couples that use the Roth-Peranson algorithm overwhelmingly find stable matchings, even though in principle they might fail to exist.  In large markets with short preference lists and without too many couples, the answer seems to be related to the fact that there remain sufficiently many unfilled positions so that vacancy chains are more likely to end than to cycle.

Here's the paper:
Kojima, Fuhito, Parag A. Pathak, and Alvin E. Roth, “Matching with Couples: Stability and Incentives in Large Markets,” April 2010, revised April 2013, Quarterly Journal of Economics, forthcoming.

Abstract: Accommodating couples has been a longstanding issue in the design of centralized labor market clearinghouses for doctors and psychologists, because couples view pairs of jobs as complements. A stable matching may not exist when couples are present. This paper's main result is that a stable matching exists when there are relatively few couples and preference lists are sufficiently short relative to market size. We also discuss incentives in markets with couples. We relate these theoretical results to the job market for psychologists, in which stable matchings exist for all years of the data, despite the presence of couples.

Game theory festival(s) at Stony Brook, July 8-18, and tribute to Lloyd Shapley

Each year for a long time now there has been a summer festival of game theory at Stony Brook.
Here's the announcement of this summer's events:

The 24th Stony Brook Game Theory Festival

The Festival Events:

July 08 - 12, 2013: International Conference on Game Theory Organizers:  Bernard De Meyer (Universite de Paris 1) Srihari Govindan (University of Rochester) Consulting Committee:  Abraham Neyman (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Sylvain Sorin (Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6) View Program Details

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July 14 - 15, 2013: Workshop on Experimental Game Theory Organizer:  Drew Fudenberg (Harvard University) View Program Details

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July 16 - 18, 2013: Workshop on Computational Game Theory Organizer:  Bernhard von Stengel (London School of Economics) Details

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CONGRATULATIONS!

It is a truth universally acknowledged that much that is fundamental and beautiful in the field of Game Theory has been shaped, and nurtured over the years, by Lloyd Shapley. One need merely name topics where his work was seminal and path-breaking, and served to define entire areas of research: the value (with finite and continuum player sets), core, voting games and power indices, stochastic games, repeated games, matching, potential games, market games in coalitional and strategic form, the convergence phenomenon for perfectly competitive economies (core and value in the coalitional setting, and non-cooperative equilibrium in the strategic), convex games, fictitious play,....

The list is by no means exhaustive, nor chronological, and others have expanded and elaborated on his work elsewhere. It was for one of these topics, his joint work with David Gale on matching, that he got the Nobel prize --- a prize that so many in the game theory community felt was long, long, overdue; and for which they would sincerely want to laud the Nobel committee.

Lloyd has always been shy, often self-effacing and detached, at a personal level. But we know very few who have been so forthcoming when it comes to matters academic. He is a founding member of the Center for Game Theory in Economics at Stony Brook, and has regularly participated in our summer conferences for the last 23 years (indeed from even before, since 1984, in the earlier incarnation of the Center as the "Institute for Decision Sciences"). Lloyd's presence has been a constant source of inspiration for us. He gives freely of his time, and the generous overflow of his ideas have stimulated many and frequently proved decisive for their research. In particular, Lloyd goes out of his way to interact with young scholars. All of us look forward very much to the "60th anniversary" of his paper on stochastic games in the summer of 2013 at Stony Brook, in the same spirit as the earlier "50th anniversary" of the value. (The event will also contribute towards the celebration of his 90th birthday, though we know that for Lloyd this will have marginal value.)

Pradeep Dubey & Yair Tauman
Center for Game Theory in Economics, Stony Brook

Unraveling Results from Comparable Demand and Supply

Here's a new old paper (written quite a while ago, but recently published...):

Niederle, Muriel, Alvin E. Roth and M. Utku Unver, “Unraveling Results from Comparable Demand and Supply: An Experimental Investigation,” Games, 2013, 4, no. 2: 243-282 (Special Issue on Games and Matching Markets), http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/4/2/243.

Abstract: Markets sometimes unravel, with offers becoming inefficiently early. Often this is attributed to competition arising from an imbalance of demand and supply, typically excess demand for workers. However this presents a puzzle, since unraveling can only occur when firms are willing to make early offers and workers are willing to accept them. We present a model and experiment in which workers’ quality becomes known only in the late part of the market. However, in equilibrium, matching can occur (inefficiently) early only when there is comparable demand and supply: a surplus of applicants, but a shortage of high quality applicants.

Conference on game theory in honor of Marilda Sotomayor: July 2014

Here's the announcement:

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON GAME THEORY AND ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS
OF THE GAME THEORY SOCIETY, celebrating the 70th birthday of Marilda Sotomayor

July 25 to July 31, 2014, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.

It is a great pleasure to invite you to participate in the INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
ON GAME THEORY AND ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE GAME THEORY
SOCIETY to celebrate the 70th birthday of Marilda Sotomayor. It will be held at the University
of São Paulo, from July 25 to July 31, 2014.

The workshop will offer the participants the opportunity to interact with some of the most
productive researchers in Game Theory. The week-long event will consist of mini-courses,
conferences and contributed papers sessions, which will be complemented with a round table for
discussions on themes of interest of the participants. The courses will start at the introductory
level and will reach the frontiers of current research.
Graduate students should send a recommendation letter from their supervisors and an
abstract of his/her thesis project. A limited financial support for graduate students, will be
available.

The deadline for extended abstracts and paper submissions as well as for students
applications are due February 15th and are encouraged since there are limited seats for the short
courses. All submissions should be made via on-line. You should send either an extended
abstract (up to 3 pages), or, if possible, a full paper, written in English, before February 15th.
This paper will become downloadable from our website if your submission is accepted. A short
abstract (up to 2000 symbols) is also required. The abstract will be printed in the book of
abstracts. Presentations should be made in English, the official language of the workshop.
Acceptable formats for the files are pdf, ps and word. Articles in all areas of Game Theory and
Applications are welcome. The selected articles will be announced by March 20th. The schedule
of talks on the workshop will be announced by the end of May

DEADLINES:
Pre-registration: 04/30/2014
Late on-site registration: 07/04/2014
Extended abstract and paper submission: 02/15/2014
Students application: 02/15/2014
Acceptance: 03/20/2014
SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZER:
Marilda Sotomayor, USP, Brazil.
LOCAL ORGANIZER COMMITTEE:
Chair: Joaquim Guilhoto, USP/SP
Maurício Bugarin, UnB
Gustavo Andrey, FGV/SP
Adhemar Villani Junior, INSPER/SP
Paula Pereda, USP/SP
PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Chair: Marilda Sotomayor, Universidade de São Paulo/SP, Brazil
• Steven Brams (NYU)
• Mauricio Bugarim ( INSPER)
• Geoffroy De Clippel (BROWN UNIV.)
• Olivier Gossner (LONDON AND PARIS SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS)
• Paulo Klinger (FGV/RJ)
• Fuhito Kojima (STANFORD UNIV.)
• Wilfredo Maldonado (UNIV. CATÓLICA DE BRASILIA)
Humberto Moreira (FGV/RJ)
• Hervé Moulin (GLASGOW UNIV.)
• Marina Nunez (UNIV. DE BARCELONA)
• Alvaro Sandroni (UNIV. OF PENNSYLVANIA)
• Amparo Urbano (UNIV. DE VALENCIA)
• Federico Valenciano (UNIV. DEL PAIS BASCO)
• Bernhard von Stengel (LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS)
• John Wooders (UNIV. OF ARIZONA)
• Myrna Wooders (VANDERBILT UNIV.)
Mini-courses
• M1. MARKET DESIGN - ALVIN ROTH
• M2. SOCIAL CHOICE AND FAIR DIVISION - HERVÉ MOULIN
• M3. INFORMATION THEORY - DAVID PEREZ-CASTRILLO
• M4. COOPERATIVE GAMES - ROBERTO SERRANO
• M5. STOCHASTIC GAMES: ALGORITHMS AND EXISTENCE -
 T. E. S. RAGHAVAN
The courses M2 and M3, as well as M4 and M5, will be ministered in parallel.
Plenary lecturers
• AUMANN, ROBERT, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel and State University of
New York at Stony Brook, USA. (not confirmed yet)
• HART, SERGIU, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
• MASKIN, ERIC, Princeton University, USA
• NASH, JOHN, Princeton University, USA
• ROTH, ALVIN Stanford University, USA.
• SCHMEIDLER, DAVID, Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel.
• SOTOMAYOR, MARILDA, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
 Semi-plenary lecturers:
• ARAÚJO, ALOÍSIO, Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio
Vargas/RJ, Brazil.
• BRAMS , STEVEN, New York University, USA.
• DUBAY, PRADEEP, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA
• WOODERS, MYRNA, Vanderbilt University, USA
• NEYMAN, ABRAHAM, Hebrew University of Jerusalém, Israel
• RENY, PHILIP, University of Chicago, USA
• SAMUELSON, LARRY, University of Yale, USA
• THOMSON,WILLIAM, University of Rochester, USA
• ZAMIR, SHMUEL, Hebrew University of Jerusalém, Israel
• KLINGER, PAULO, Fundação Getúlio Vargas/RJ, Brazil.

Different views of organ donation in China

When I visited the Ministry of Health in Beijing last Friday, their estimate was that 60% of the organs used for transplant still come from executed prisoners.  They defend this practice (in part by saying that the prisoners consent to this donation), while at the same time indicate that they would like to build a system of voluntary donation to replace it.  Subsequently I had some very interesting conversations about that in Hong Kong, which I'll try to blog about sometime soon.

Two stories from Australia illustrate the debate that is going on in China and around the world regarding how China's organ donation policy should be regarded. No one denies that it still relies heavily on organs from executed prisoners, although not as heavily as in the past.

A focus of this debate, at least in the press, has been Dr.Jeifu Wang, a transplant surgeon who was recently China's deputy minister for health. He was educated in Australia, and has recently become a subject of controversy after the University of Sydney offered him an honorary degree.  The first article takes issue with that, and the second details his position.

Honorary Professor Was an Organ Harvester, Say Critics

"A prestigious Australian university has come under scrutiny recently for giving an honorary professorship to a former top Chinese health official who has been involved in unethical organ harvesting. 

Researchers of organ harvesting in China spoke to the influential Australian news program the “7:30 Report” with information about Huang Jiefu’s involvement in organ harvesting in China; they called on the University of Sydney to rescind the honorary professorship they gave to Huang in 2008 and renewed in October 2011.  "

DOCTOR HITS BACK OVER TIES TO CHINA ORGAN HARVESTING

"Last year there were 5,846 kidney transplants in China and more than half of the organs came from prisoners. Of all liver transplants, 80 per cent came from executed prisoners.

"We call it human value," Dr Huang said. "Everybody has a weak point and a strong point. So in the human values you can say 'he's a bad man, he's not on the good side'.

"So then before he died he found his conscience and found he needed to do something to repay society. So why do you object?"

"While Dr Huang, a transplant doctor who studied at the University of Sydney, says his own practice has not taken any organs from the prisons for two years, he continues to defend the policy.

"I feel that at first I respect the donor. I think that probably he committed some very severe crime," he said.

"It's not my part, it's the judicial part to deserve the death penalty. However I respect his last will. I respect the life he donated for another three people."

July 4 and July 1: U.S. and Hong Kong remember British rule

Happy Independence Day to all my fellow Americans. We remember today that we aren't British, and how that came to pass.

I was just in Hong Kong, and there July 1 is the anniversary of Handover Day, when Britain handed back control of Hong Kong over to the Chinese government. The celebrations include political protests, for Hong Kong's lost separateness...

Lecture in Guangzhou: market design, and possible opportunities in China

Here's the announcement of the talk I gave at Sun Yat Sen University, sponsored by the Business school, in Guangzhou.

The larger theme,which the other speakers also engaged in, is what are the opportunities for market design in China?

Deceased organ donation in China, and Hong Kong

I just arrived in Hong Kong (via a fast train from Guangzhou).

On Friday I spoke in Beijing about organ donation and allocation with officials of the Ministry of Health, and today (Tuesday) I'll be speaking with people in Hong Kong who are active in trying to reform the Chinese organ transplant system. Here's some background material (and here):

       Report on the Cooperation of the Chinese Ministry of Health and

           RID 3450 in the Promotion of Organ Donation in China

The Milestone on 26 December 2012

       A Letter of Intent was signed on 26 December 2012 between the Chinese Ministry of Health (MoH) and Rotary International District 3450 (D3450) whereby the two parties, together with the China Organ Transplant Response System Research Center at the University of Hong Kong and the No. 1 Hospital Affiliated to the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, will cooperate in the promotion of organ donation and international exchanges in this field.

Background

2.   Many major transplant countries used the organs from executed prisoners in the course of developing their organ transplant services.  As this unethical practice was abandoned with social progress, many countries have developed national donation systems to address the need for transplant organs.  In 2007, the State Council of China passed the human organ transplant regulation, a crucial piece of legislation for the development of an organ transplantation system for Chinese people.  The MoH plans to start implementing the new national system in 2013.  This will mark the start of the phasing out of the old practice of relying on organs from executed convicts, who have the right to decide whether or not to donate their organs after death as any other people in the community.  The law is being revised in China to establish the new national system for transplant, including the definition of the role of national accountable organizations and their responsibilities in line with the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO).  Apart from scientific issues, the plan also includes addressing cultural and societal issues, i.e. non-scientific aspects of organ donation to gain public confidence and support.

The New National System of China on Organ Transplant

3.     A research team of the MoH at the University of Hong Kong has developed a national organ computer system, which allocates organs according to national policy that reflects urgency, compatibility and patient need, known as the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS), which is free of human intervention and monitored by many bodies to ensure the transparency, fairness and traceability of organ procurement and allocation.  The Red Cross Society of China has been commissioned by the MoH to run the organ donation system, and to ensure that organ donation, procurement and allocation within the medical system are in accordance with the law.  These measures provide the basis for public trust in organ donation.

4.     The new system will ensure donors not only that they can donate their organs to save people as they wish, but also that their organs will not be traded.  Furthermore, deliberations are being made on how to provide social support for the disadvantaged donor and recipient families, such as using China’s existing social support mechanism to cover their expenses but not to be a form of payment for the organs.  While this is not necessarily reflected in the regulations, it has to be decided and built into policies governing the process as a whole.

Cultural and Societal Issues

5.    One major cultural and societal difference between western countries and China relates to the definition of death.  Brain death, as defined in law, is used to determine death in many countries and is often taken as the basis for the surgical removal of organs for transplant.  Without such legislation on brain death, China makes reference to current cultural and societal norms in its deceased organ donation criteria which provide three options for the Chinese people who want to donate organs after death: (i) organ donation after brain death; (ii) organ donation after circulatory death (heart stop) and (iii) organ donation after brain death followed by circulatory death.  Data from a pilot study in China reveal that only 9% of organ donations were on the basis of brain death, while the rest were based on brain death with circulatory death or just on circulatory death.  It is possible that as China makes progress with the new organ donation system, its cultural and societal norms regarding death will shift.

Future Plan

6.    Based on the results of a two year pilot program, the MoH and the Red Cross Society of China decided to implement the new system on a national scale.  The national organ procurement and allocation system, the centerpiece of the new national organ donation system in China, has been launched in September 2012.  Time and coordination will be needed for the new system to be carried out among hospitals in China.  It is planned that the new system will be implemented in the Guangdong Province as a start, and the experience gained will help improve the system which will ultimately be implemented throughout the nation.   

The Role of D3450

7.    Rotary is no stranger to the MoH with its significant efforts over the years in conducting various humanitarian programs in China.   In particular, the success of the Hepatitis B Vaccination Program conducted for over a million children in China by D3450 has probably engendered trust and confidence of MoH in the professionalism, dedication and capability of Rotary in rendering assistance in this important and nation-wide project of promoting organ donation.  Furthermore, the vast international network available through Rotary connections among its 1.2 million members from 33,000 clubs distributed in more than 200 countries will be an invaluable asset to the project team which would need close and continuous exchange with the international community.

8.    DG Kenneth and his team met Minister Chen Zhu in end August, and Deputy Minister Huang Jiefu in October, to discuss prospective Rotary projects in China.  In December 2012, MoH formally invited D3450 to participate in this project of promotion of organ donation, through the Director of the COTRS Research Center, Dr. Wang Haibo, and proposed that a letter of intent be signed between MoH and D3450 on 26 December 2012.   

9.     The major areas of work in which D3450, through rotary clubs in Hong Kong and Macau, will be engaged according to the letter of intent will include the following:

(i) to support the construction and enhancement of the management system on Organ Donation and Allocation in the Mainland;

(ii) to promote organ donation through publicity and advocacy programs in the Mainland; and

(iii) to promote international cooperation and exchange in organ donation between China and members of the World Health Organization (WHO).

10.     While Rotary Clubs in Hong Kong and Macau will participate in the above work on voluntary basis and provide suitable professional input/advice where appropriate, the MoH will oversee the implementation of the new organ donation and transplant system by the two universities and the hospitals in the Mainland, provide the necessary financing and support to the parties concerned and give due attention and response to the views, assessment and suggestions provided by the Rotary team appointed by the Governor of D3450.  All the above will take place in the Guangdong Province as a start.  It is expected that experience gained from the Guangdong Province will help in further improving the system which will eventually be implemented in all other provinces of China.

The Signing Ceremony and Press Conference

11.     A Delegation of 46 Rotarians led by DG Kenneth attended the Signing Ceremony held on 26 December 2012 at the International Conference Center of the Guangdong Hotel in Guangzhou, including DGE Eugene, 6 PDGs, Presidents, Past Presidents, District Officers and their family members.  Dr. KO Wing-man, Secretary of Food and Health of the HKSAR Government, and Dr. CH Leong, Chairman of the Council of the University of Hong Kong, also attended and addressed the audience.  The Deputy Minister of Health, the Chairlady of the Red Cross of China and representatives of the HKMAO, the two universities and the No. 1 Hospital Affiliated to the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou represented the Chinese Government.  The Letter of Intent was signed by DG Kenneth Wong and Director General Wang Liji of the MoH and witnessed by all present.  A press conference chaired by the Deputy Minister of Health was held immediately after the signing ceremony.

12.      The subject was widely reported by the media in China, notably by the China Daily and the Phoenix TV Channel.  The presence of RID 3450 as a key party in ensuring the openness and fairness in the promotion and implementation of the new organ donation and allocation system was succinctly presented by the speakers and reflected in the media reporting.  For the easy reference of readers of this report, copy of the full script of the China Daily’s article on the subject is at Appendix 1.  The video script of the Phoenix TV Channel on the subject can be accessed through this link: http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2012_12/27/20560185_0.shtml.  Some pictures taken on the occasion are also attached.

What Next

13.      No doubt promotion of organ donation is a highly worthwhile project to which Rotarians are expected to be fully prepared to make their contributions.  It will bring significant benefits to people in China which is the country ranked second in the number of organ transplant but with a significant shortfall in organs donated vis-a-vis organs needed for transplant.  Successful promotion of knowledge in and advocacy for organ donation in the Mainland will likely lead to significant increase in the number of organ donors and hence the number of organ recipients (the beneficiaries).   

14.     D3450 will soon initiate programs and activities through which Rotary Clubs in Hong Kong and Macau will be able to contribute to the areas of work mentioned above.  The views of Rotary Clubs will be consulted in drawing up the programs and planning the activities.  Committees for overseeing the implementation of the project will be set up as necessary and appropriate.

Market design and computer assisted markets: video of my talk at the Simons Institute at Berkeley

Market Design and Computer-Assisted Markets: An Economist's Perspective

Here is the video of a talk I gave at Berkeley. (I can't figure out how to embed this one, for some reason.)

Published on Jun 14, 2013

Alvin Roth, Stanford University
Symposium on Visions of the Theory of Computing, May 31, 2013, hosted by the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing at UC Berkeley.

Update: here is the embedded video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvG5b2gmk70

Open software as a way to find programmers

The NY Times has an article that focuses on the company Gild and how they go headhunting among the reputational rankings on coder sites: How Big Data Is Playing Recruiter for Specialized Workers

"Gild is not the only company now scouring for information. TalentBin, another San Francisco start-up firm, searches the Internet for talented programmers, trawling sites where they gather, collecting “data exhaust,” according to the company Web site, and creating lists of potential hires for employers. Another competitor is RemarkableHire, which assesses a person’s talents by looking at how his or her online contributions are rated by others.

"And there’s Entelo, which tries to figure out who might be looking for a job before they even start their exploration. According to its Web site, the company uses more than 70 variables to find indications of possible career change, such as how someone presents herself on social sites. The Web site reads: “We crunch the data so you don’t have to.”

Algorithmics Of Matching Under Preferences by David Manlove

A new book on matching, from a computer science perspective:

Algorithmics Of Matching Under Preferences

Manlove, D. (2013) Algorithmics Of Matching Under Preferences. Series: Theoretical Computer Science . World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 9789814425247

Publisher's URL: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789814425254_fmatter

Abstract

A new book by Dr David Manlove of the School of Computing Science has recently been published by World Scientific as part of their Series on Theoretical Computer Science. This book, called “Algorithmics of Matching Under Preferences”, deals with algorithms and complexity issues surrounding the matching of agents to one another when preferences are involved. For example, in several countries, centralised matching schemes handle the annual allocation of intending junior doctors to hospitals based on their preferences over one another. Efficient algorithms required to solve the underlying theoretical matching problems. Similar examples arise in the allocation of pupils to schools, students to projects, kidney patients to donors, and so on. The book surveys algorithmic results for a range of matching problems involving preferences, with practical applications areas including those mentioned above. It covers the classical Stable Marriage, Hospitals/Residents and Stable Roommates problems, where so-called stable matchings are sought, thereby providing an update to “The Stable Marriage problem, Structure and Algorithms”, by Dan Gusfield and Rob Irving, published by MIT Press in 1989. It also extends the coverage to the House Allocation problem, where stability is no longer the key requirement for a matching, and other definitions of optimality hold. This book builds on the author’s prior research in this area, and also his practical experience of developing, with colleagues including Rob Irving and Gregg O’Malley, algorithms for matching kidney patients to donors in the UK (collaborating with NHS Blood and Transplant), for assigning medical students to hospitals in Scotland (in collaboration with NHS Education for Scotland), and for allocating students to elective courses and projects (within the Schools of Medicine and Computing Science at the University of Glasgow, respectively). The book is also timely, as the research area recently came to the forefront in 2012 following the award of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences to Alvin Roth and Lloyd Shapley, two leading contributors to the field of matching theory and its application in practical settings, whose work is described in detail throughout the book. A Foreword is contributed by Kurt Mehlhorn of Max-Planck Institut fur Informatik, Saarbrucken, who wrote: “This book covers the research area in its full breadth and beauty. Written by one of the foremost experts in the area, it is a timely update to “The Stable Marriage Problem: Structure and Algorithms” (D. Gusfield and R.W. Irving, 1989). This book will be required reading for anybody working on the subject; it has a good chance of becoming a classic.”

Chinese auctions of auto registrations, and the market for cars in China

To keep down congestion in big cities, Chinese authorities limit who can drive, either by lottery or by auction.  Here's a story suggesting that the high price of driving drives inexpensive cars out of the market:
In China, the license plates can cost more than the car


"Shanghai’s busy streets teem with Buicks, Fords, Volkswagens, and Toyotas. More than 9 out of 10 cars in the world’s most populous city are made by foreign companies, and it’s not just a reflection of mainlanders’ preference for Western design. Some local automakers say the city’s license plate auctions are responsible for their weak sales. Shanghai is one of four Chinese cities that limit car purchases by imposing quotas on registrations. The prices paid at Shanghai’s license auctions in recent months—90,000 yuan ($14,530)—have exceeded the cost of many entry-level cars, the stronghold of Chinese brands such as Chery, Geely, and Great Wall. While residents with modest incomes may be able to afford an inexpensive car, the registration cost is often beyond their reach. “Whenever there’s a restriction of new car purchases through the quota system, there is always a big impact on lower-price cars like the ones we make,” says Lawrence Ang, executive director of Geely Automobile Holdings (175), whose Panda minicar sells for 37,800 yuan.

"After Beijing (pop. 21 million) introduced a license plate lottery in January 2011, the combined share of Chinese brands sold there plunged by more than half, to 9.7 percent for the year, according to researcher IHS Automotive. In Shanghai, which began auctioning license plates in 1994, domestic brands made up only 8.9 percent of cars sold in 2011 (the most recent data available), less than a third the level nationwide, IHS reports."